Dams
Dams
DAMS
Chapter 4:Dams
Outcomes:
2
Dams
Definition: Dams are water-retaining structures - Holding water for later usage.
Uses
• Potable water
• Hydro-electric
• Industrial & domestic use
• Irrigation
• Flood control & sediment retention
• Recreation
• Waste water containment
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4
Terminology
• Permeability – water-tightness
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Terminology
7
Curved Concrete Dams
8
Dam Feasibility Study
Site Selection
• Width, shape, depth, foundations, spillway, availability of materials
Site investigation
• Topography, geology, permeability, hydraulic models
Detailed investigation
• Water supply, floodlines, sedimentation, limitations, environmental, evaporation,
wind tide and waves, earthquakes.
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Dam Types
Embankment dams
• Earth dams
• Rockfill dams
Concrete dams
• Arch dams
• Gravity dams
• Buttress dams
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Design Considerations
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Embankment (earth) dam design components
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Embankment (earth) dam
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Embankment dam design considerations
• Permeability
• Compression and shrinkage
• Washing of fines (use of rip-rap)
• Stability of dam – shear forces
• Availability of construction materials
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Design of embankment dams: Hydraulic aspects
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Embankment dam design: general considerations
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Advantages & disadvantages
+Easy to construct
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Concrete Dams
• Gravity Dams
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Concrete Dam Design
• Gravity dams
• Gariep dam on Orange River
• 1,73million cubic meters of concrete
• Must have a solid foundation
• Resist horizontal thrust of water
• Resist dead load of dam wall
• Resist up thrust due to ground water pressure
• Apron to prevent erosion
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Concrete dams
• Buttress dams
• Sloping upstream face allows
water to add to vertical forces.
• High cost of shuttering.
• Simple arch dams
• Water pressure transferred to
banks
• Complex design and
expensive construction
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Dam construction
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Construction types
Rock-fill dams
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Types of dam construction
Concrete dams
• Can be built with masonry bedded in mortar, formed concrete or roller compacted
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Arch dam with central spillway
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Energy dissipaters reduce
force of water flowing
from the spill way.
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Water Conservation
• Scarce commodity
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Questions
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