CDL 101

ND CDL Permit
Instructor: Edwin Acosta
OVERVIEW
• General Knowledge (Section 1, 2, & 3)
• Air Brakes (Section 5)
• Combination Vehicle (Section 6)
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
SECTION 1
WHAT IS A COMMERCIAL LEARNERS PERMIT
(CLP)
WHAT IS A COMMERCIAL LEARNERS PERMIT
(CLP)

• A CLP means a permit issued to an individual by a state or jurisdiction of

domicile, in accordance the standards of the Federal Motor Carrier Safety
Regulation (FMCSR), which, when carried with a valid driver’s license
issued by the same state or jurisdiction, authorizes the individual to operate a
class of a commercial vehicle when accompanied by a holder of a valid CDL
for purposes of behind-the-wheel training.
WHAT IS A COMMERCIAL DRIVER LICENSE
(CDL)?
WHAT IS A CDL?

• A CDL Means a license issued to an individual by a state or other jurisdiction

of domicile, in accordance with the standards contained in the (FMCSR),
which authorizes the individual to operate a class of commercial motor
vehicle.
WHAT DETERMINES THE NEED FOR A
CLP/CDL?
COMMERCIAL DRIVERS LICENSE TESTS

KNOWLEDGE TESTS SKILLS TESTS

COMMERCIAL DRIVERS LICENSE TESTS

KNOWLEDGE TESTS SKILLS TESTS

• You will need to take one or more
knowledge tests.
• For this class you will need to study:
• General knowledge
• Air Brakes
• Combination
COMMERCIAL DRIVERS LICENSE TESTS

KNOWLEDGE TESTS SKILLS TESTS

• You will need to take one or more • If you pass the required knowledge
knowledge tests. tests and hold the permit for a
minimum of 14 days you can take the
• For this class you will need to study:
skills tests
• General Knowledge
• Air Brakes • The skills tests consists of
• Combination • Pre-trip Vehicle Inspection
• Basic Vehicle Control
• On-Road Test
WHAT SECTIONS SHOULD YOU STUDY?
CDL
DISQUALIFICATIO
NS
You may not drive a commercial
vehicle if you are disqualified for
any reasons.

We will go over some of the

common disqualifications.
CDL
DISQUALIFICATIO
NS • Alcohol, Leaving the scene of an accident,
Commission of a felony
You may not drive a commercial
vehicle if you are disqualified for • Serious traffic violations
any reasons.
• Violations of Out-of-Service orders
We will go over some of the
• Railroad-Highway grade crossing violations
common disqualifications. • Traffic violations in your personal vehicle
OTHER CDL RULES

There are other federal and state rules that affect drivers operating CMVs in all
states. Among them are:
• You cannot have more than one license
• Conviction of traffic violations (except parking)
• Suspended license
• Cannot drive a CMV without a CDL
• Required to where a seat belt
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE
SECTION 2
GENERAL KNOWLEDGE SECTION 2

• Vehicle inspection • Winter driving

• Basic control of your vehicle • Hot weather driving
• Shifting gears • Railroad-Highway crossings
• Seeing • Mountain driving
• Communicating • Driving emergencies
• Space management • Antilock braking systems
• Controlling your speed • Skid control and recovery
• Seeing hazards • Accident procedures
• Distracted driving • Fires
• Aggressive drivers/Road rage • Alcohol, other drugs, and driving
• Night driving • Staying alert and fit to drive
VEHICLE INSPECTION
• Why inspect
• Types of vehicle inspection
• A. Pre-trip
• B. During Trip
• C. Post Trip
WHY INSPECT A CMV?
WHY INSPECT A CMV?

• Safety is the most important reason you inspect your vehicle. Safety for
yourself and for other road users
• A vehicle defect found during an inspection could save you problems later.
• Federal and state laws require that drivers inspect their vehicle. Federal and
state inspectors can inspect your vehicle, and if found unsafe, can place your
vehicle out-of-service.
TYPES OF VEHICLE INSPECTION
TYPES OF VEHICLE INSPECTION

PRE-TRIP
INSPECTION
A pre-trip inspection will
help you find problems that
could cause a crash or
breakdown
TYPES OF VEHICLE INSPECTION

PRE-TRIP
INSPECTION DURING A TRIP
A pre-trip inspection will • Watch gauges for signs of trouble

help you find problems that • Use your senses to check for
problems
could cause a crash or
• Check critical items when you stop
breakdown • Tires, wheels, rims
• Brakes
• Lights/reflectors
• Connections to trailer
• Cargo securement devices
TYPES OF VEHICLE INSPECTION

PRE-TRIP AFTER-TRIP
INSPECTION DURING A TRIP INSPECTION
A pre-trip inspection will • Watch gauges for signs of trouble You should do an after-trip
• Use your senses to check for inspection at the end of the trip, day,
help you find problems that
problems or tour of duty on each vehicle you
could cause a crash or operated.
• Check critical items when you stop
breakdown • Tires, wheels, rims It may include filling out a vehicle
• Brakes condition report listing any
• Lights/reflectors problems you find
• Connections to trailer
• Cargo securement devices
SEVEN STEP INSPECTION

1. Vehicle Overview 4. Turn Off Engine and 6. Check Signal Lights

2. Check Engine Check Lights 7. Start the Engine and
Compartment 5. Do Walkaround Inspection Check
3. Start Engine and Inspect
Inside of Cab
 STEP 1: VEHICLE OVERVIEW
• Review last vehicle
inspection report
• If no defects were
found from previous
driver, proceed on
• If a defect was found
by previous driver,
verify that the defect
was corrected.
STEP 2: CHECK ENGINE COMPARTMENT

• Check that the parking brakes are on and/or wheels chocked.

• You may have to raise the hood, tilt the cab, or open the engine compartment
door.
 STEP 2: CHECK ENGINE COMPARTMENT
Check the following:
• Engine oil level
• Coolant level and hoses
• Power steering fluid and
hoses
• Windshield washer fluid
level
• Batteries (may be located
elsewhere)
• Belts for tightness and
excessive wear
• Leaks in the engine
compartment
• Cracked, worn electrical
wiring insulation
Lower and secure hood, cab,
or engine compartment door
STEP 3: START ENGINE AND INSPECT INSIDE
THE CAB • Make sure parking brake is
on and the transmission is in
neutral
STEP 3: START ENGINE AND INSPECT INSIDE
THE CAB • Make sure parking brake is
on and the transmission is in
neutral
• Start engine and listen for
unusual noises
STEP 3: START ENGINE AND INSPECT INSIDE
THE CAB • Make sure parking brake is
on and the transmission is in
neutral
• Start engine and listen for
unusual noises
• Check the lights and gauges
on the dash ( ABS, Oil
pressure gauge, Air pressure
gauges, Ammeter, etc.)
• Check condition of controls
(Steering, clutch, brake,
accelerator, horns, wipers,
etc)
• Emergency equipment
• Seat belt
STEP 4:TURN OFF ENGINE AND CHECK
LIGHT
• Make sure the parking brake is set
• Turn off the engine and take the key with you
• Turn on headlights (low beams) and four-way flashers
• Get out of the vehicle
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
• Go to the front of the vehicle and check that low beams are on
and both four-way flashers
• Check high beams are working
• Turn off headlights and four-way flashers
• Turn on parking, clearance, side marker and identification lights
• Turn on right turn signal and start walk-around inspection
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
• Clean all lights, reflectors, and glass as you go along
Left front side:
• Driver’s door glass is clean
• Door latches or locks work properly
• Left front wheel
• Condition of wheel and rim
• Condition of tires
• Hub oil level OK, no leaks
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
Left front side continued:
• Left front suspension
• Condition of spring, spring hangars, shackles, u-bolts
• Shock absorber condition
• Left front brake
• Condition of brake drum or disc
• Condition of hoses
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
Front of vehicle:
• Condition of front axle
• Condition of steering system
• No loose, worn, bent, damaged or missing parts
• Condition of windshield
• Check for damage and clean if dirty
• Check wiper blades for damage, “stiff” rubber, and securement
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
Front of vehicle continued:
• Lights and reflectors
• Parking, clearance, and identification lights clean, operating, and proper
color
• Reflectors clean and proper color
• Right front turn signal clean, operating, and proper color
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
Right side:
• Right front: check all items as done on the left front
• Right fuel tanks securely mounted, not damage, not leaking, lines secure,
contain enough fuel, and caps on and secure
• Condition of visible parts
• Rear of engine not leaking
• Transmission not leaking
• Exhaust system secure, not leaking, not touching wires, fuel, or air lines
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
Right side continued:
• Frame and cross members not bent or cracked
• Air lines and electrical wiring secured against snagging, rubbing, or wearing
• Spare tire carrier not damaged
• Spare tire and wheel adequate (proper size, inflated)
• Cargo properly blocked, brace, tied, chained
• Header board adequate, secure
• Side boards, stakes strong enough, free of damage, properly set in place
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
Right side continued:
• Canvas/tarp (if required) properly secured to prevent tearing, billowing, or
blocking of mirrors
• If oversize, all required signs safely and properly mounted
• Curbside cargo compartment doors in good condition, securely closed,
latched/locked
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
Right rear:
• Condition of wheels and rims
• Condition of tires
• Tires same type (radial or bias ply), same size
• Wheel bearing/seals not leaking
• Condition of springs, spring hangars, shackles, u-bolts
• Axle secure
• Powered axles not leaking
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
Right rear continued:
• Condition of torque rod arms, bushings
• Condition of shock absorbers
• Condition of air ride components
• Brake adjustment
• Condition of brake drums or discs
• Condition of hoses
• Side marker lights and reflectors clean, operating, and proper color
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
Rear:
• Lights and reflectors clean, operational, and proper color
• Taillights clean, operating, and proper color
• Right rear turn signal operating and proper color
• License plate present, clean, and secured
• Splash guards present, not damaged, properly fastened, not dragging on
ground, or rubbing on tires
• Cargo securement
STEP 5: DO WALK AROUND INSPECTION
Left side:
• Check all items as done on the right side
• Batteries for securement, cover, securement against movement, damage, not
leaking, properly installed
STEP 6: CHECK SIGNAL LIGHTS

• Turn off all lights

• Turn on stop lights ( a helper may be needed)
• Turn on left turn signal
• Get out and check left front turn signal clean, operating, and proper color
• Left rear turn signal clean, operating, and proper color
• Turn off all light not needed for driving
STEP 7: START ENGINE AND CHECK BRAKES
STEP 7: START • Test for hydraulic leaks by pumping the
ENGINE AND brake pedal 3 times, then apply firm
CHECK BRAKES pressure and hold for 5 seconds. The pedal
should not move
• Test parking brakes by gently pulling
forward
• Test service brake stopping action by going
about 5mph and apply the brake pedal
firmly
PRE-TRIP INSPECTION

• If you find anything unsafe during the pre-trip inspection, get it fixed.
• Federal and state laws forbid operating an unsafe vehicle.
REVIEW

• What is the most important reason for doing a vehicle inspection?

• What 3 kinds of emergency equipment must you have?
• What should wheel bearing seals be checked for?
BASIC CONTROLS OF YOUR VEHICLE

BASIC CONTROLS BACKING SAFELY SHIFTING GEARS

Accelerating Start in the proper position Knowing when to shift up

Steering Look at your path engine speed

Stopping Use mirrors road speed

Retarders Back slowly Knowing when to shift down

Back and turn towards the driver side Procedure

Use a helper before starting down a hill

before entering a curve

Automatic transmission
BASIC CONTROLS

STEERING &
ACCELERATING STOPPING RETARDERS
• When accelerating from a stop, do not • Keep two hands on the wheel • Retarders help slow a vehicle down ,
roll back, you may hit some one. reducing the need for using your brakes
• Push the pedal down gradually. The
• Speed up smoothly and gradually so amount of brake pressure you need to • The four basic retarders are:
the vehicle does not jerk, especially stop will depend on the speed of the 1. Exhaust
when traction is poor. vehicle and how quickly you need to
stop. 2. Engine
• If you start to lose control, take your
foot off the accelerator and regain 3. Hydraulic
control 4. Electric
• Whenever there is poor traction, the
retarder may cause the vehicle to skid.
BACKING SAFELY

START IN THE LOOK AT YOUR USE MIRRORS ON

PROPER POSITION PATH BOTH SIDES
Put the vehicle in the best position to Look at your line of travel before you Check the outside mirrors on both sides
allow you to back safely begin. frequently.

If needed, get out of your vehicle and Get out of the vehicle and check your
walk around to check for clearance. path if you are unsure

G.O.A.L
BASIC METHOD FOR SHIFTING UP

• Release the accelerator

• Push in the clutch and shift in to neutral at the same time
• Release the clutch
• Let engine and gears slow down to the RPM required for the next gear
• Push in the clutch and shift to the higher gear at the same time
• Release clutch and press accelerator at the same time
KNOWING WHEN TO SHIFT UP

• Use engine speed (RPM) • Use road speed

• Watch the tachometer, and shift up • Learn what speeds each gear is
when your engine reaches the top of good for.
the range • By using the speedometer you’ll
• Progressive shifting know when to shift up

With either method, you may learn to

use engine sounds to know when to
shift.
BASIC METHOD FOR SHIFTING DOWN

• Release the accelerator

• Push in the clutch and shift in to neutral at the same time
• Release the clutch
• Press accelerator, increase the RPM required for the lower gear
• Push in the clutch and shift to the lower gear at the same time
• Release clutch and press accelerator at the same time
SPECIAL CONDITIONS WHERE YOU SHOULD
DOWNSHIFT

• Before starting down a hill, slow down and shift down to a speed that you
can control without using the brakes hard. Downshift before starting down
the hill. Make sure you are in a low enough gear, usually lower than the gear
required to climb the hill
• Before entering a curve, slow down to a safe speed, and downshift to the
right gear before entering the curve. This lets you use some power through
the curve. It also allows you to speed up as soon as you are out of the curve
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSIONS

• Some vehicles have automatic transmissions. You can select a lower range to
get greater engine braking when going down grades
• The lower ranges prevent the transmission from shifting up beyond the
selected gear.
• It is important to use the braking effect when going down hills.
REVIEW #2

• Why should you back to the drivers side?

• What are 2 special conditions where you should downshift?
• Retarders keep you from skidding when the road is slippery. True or False?
• If stopped on a hill, how can you start moving with out rolling back?
SEEING

• To be a safe driver you need to know what’s going on all around your
vehicle. Not looking properly is a major cause of all accidents

“that car came out of nowhere!”

SEEING AHEAD

• Because stopping or changing lanes can take a lot of distance, knowing what traffic is
doing on all sides of you is very important.
• Most good drivers look at least 12 to 15 seconds ahead
• If you are not looking that far ahead, you may have to stop and too quickly or make quick
lane changes.
• Good drivers shift their attention back and forth, near and far.
• Look for vehicles coming onto the highway, into your lane, or
turning.
SEEING TO THE SIDES AND REAR

• Its important to know what is going on behind and to the sides. Check your
mirrors regularly. Check more often in special situations

1 Windshield 3
2 4
 SEEING TO THE SIDES AND REAR

• Mirror adjustment should be checked prior to the start of the trip and can
only be checked accurately when the trailer is straight.
• You need to make regular checks of your mirrors to be aware of traffic and
check your vehicle.
• Special situations require more mirror checks; these are changing lanes,
turns, merges, and tight maneuvers
SIGNALING

• Other drivers cant know what you are going to do until you tell them.
• Signaling what you intend to do is important for safety.
• Turns
• Lane changes
• Slowing down
• Don’t direct traffic
COMMUNICATING YOUR PRESENCE

• Other drivers may not notice your vehicle even when it is in plain sight. To
help prevent accidents, let them know you are there.
• When passing
• When it is hard to see
• When parked at the side of the road
• Use your horn when needed
COMMUNICATING YOUR PRESENCE WHILE
PARKED AT THE SIDE OF THE ROAD
CONTROLLING SPEED

• Stopping distance
• Matching the speed to the road surface
• Speed and curves
• Speed and distance ahead
• Speed and traffic flow
• Speed on downgrades
STOPPING DISTANCE

WHAT IS STOPPING
DISTANCE
Stopping distance is comprised of 3 parts • Perception distance is the distance • Braking distance is the distance your
your vehicle travels in ideal vehicle will travel in ideal conditions
1. Perception distance
conditions; from the time your eyes while you are braking.
2. Reaction distance see a hazard until your brain
recognizes it.
3. Braking distance
• Reaction distance is the distance you
All three parts combined make up your
will continue to travel in ideal
total stopping distance
conditions before you physically hit
the brakes
MATCHING SPEED TO THE ROAD SURFACE

SLIPPERY SURFACE IDENTIFYING

TRACTION SLIPPERY SURFACES
Traction is friction between the tires and It will take longer to stop, and it will be • Shaded areas
road. There are some road conditions that harder to turn without skidding, when the
• Bridges
reduce traction and call for lower speeds. road is slippery.
• Melting ice
• Black ice
• Vehicle icing
• Just after rain begins
• Hydroplaning
IDENTIFYING SLIPPERY SURFACES

SHADED AREAS BRIDGES MELTING ICE

Shady parts of the road will remain icy When temperatures drop to 32º Slight melting will make ice wet. Wet ice
and slippery longer than unshaded areas. Fahrenheit, bridges will freeze before the is much more slippery than ice that is not
road will. wet.
IDENTIFYING SLIPPERY SURFACES

JUST AFTER RAIN

BLACK ICE VEHICLE ICING BEGINS
Black ice is a thin layer that is clear An a easy way to check for ice is to open Right after the rain begins, the water
enough that you can see the road the window and feel the front of the mixes with the oil left on the road by
underneath it. It makes the road look wet. mirror, mirror support, or antenna. If vehicles.
Any time the road looks wet, watch for there is ice on these, the road surface is
black ice probably starting to ice up.
IDENTIFYING SLIPPERY SURFACES

HYDROPLANING
In some weather, water or slush collects To regain control you must release the
on the road. When this happens your accelerator and push in the clutch. This
vehicle can hydroplane. will slow your vehicle and let your
wheels turn freely.
It does not take a lot of water to cause
hydroplaning. Do not use your brakes to slow down.

It can occur in speeds as low as 30mph

SPEED AND CURVES

• Drivers must constantly adjust their • Slow to a safe speed before you
speed for curves in the road. If you enter a curve.
take a curve too fast two things can
• Braking in a curve is dangerous
happen
because it is easier to lock the
• The tires can lose their traction and wheels and cause a skid
continue straight ahead
• Don’t exceed the posted speed limit
• The tires may keep their traction and
for the curve.
the vehicle rolls over
Speed and distance ahead Speed and traffic flow

• You should always be able to stop • When driving in heavy traffic, the safest
within the distance you can see speed is the speed of other vehicles.
Vehicles going the same speed are not
ahead.
likely to run into one another.
• Drive at the speed of traffic, if you can
with out going at an illegal or unsafe
speed.
SPEED ON DOWNGRADES

• Your vehicles speed will increase on • Steepness of the grade

downgrades because of gravity. • Road conditions
• Maintain a speed that is not too fast • Weather
for:
• Total weight of the vehicle/cargo
• Length of the grade
ROAD WAY WORK ZONES

• Speeding traffic is the number one cause of injury and death in roadway
work zones.
• Observe the posted speed limits at all times when approaching and driving
through a work zone
• Decrease your speed for adverse conditions/when a worker is close to the
roadway
REVIEW #3

• How far should you look ahead while driving?

• What three things add up to total stopping distance?
• What is hydroplaning?
MANAGING SPACE

• To be a safe driver, you need space all around your vehicle.

• When things go wrong, space gives you time to think and to take action
• It is important to manage space for large vehicles
• Large vehicles take up more space for stopping and turning
SPACE AHEAD

• You need space ahead in case you must suddenly stop

• The most common cause of rear end collisions is the result of following too
closely
• Remember smaller vehicle can stop faster than a commercial vehicle
• You need one second for each 10 feet of vehicle at speeds less than 40mph
• At speeds greater than 40mph, add 1 second for safety
SPACE AHEAD
SPACE BEHIND

• You cant stop others from following too closely. But there are things you can
do to make it easier
• Stay in the right lane if you can
• Heavy vehicles are often tailgated when they can’t keep up with the speed of
traffic.
DEALING WITH TAILGATERS SAFELY

• When you are traveling slowly, drivers trapped behind you often follow to
closely
• In bad weather, many car drivers follow large vehicles closely especially
when it is hard to see the road ahead.
DEALING WITH TAILGATERS SAFELY

• Avoid quick changes - If you have • Don’t speed up – It is safer to be

slow down or turn, signal early and tailgated at a low speed than a
reduce speed gradually higher speed
• Increase your following distance - • Avoid tricks – Don’t turn on your
Opening up room in front of you will
tail lights or flash your brake lights
help you to avoid having to make
sudden changes. It also makes it easier
for the tailgater to get around you
SPACE TO THE SIDES

TRAVELING NEXT
STAYING CENTERED TO OTHERS STRONG WINDS
You need to keep your vehicle centered in • Another driver may change lanes Strong winds make it difficult to stay in
the lane to keep safe clearance on either suddenly and turn into you your lane. The problem is usually worse
side. for lighter vehicles. This problem can be
• You may be trapped when you need
especially bad coming out of tunnels.
to change lanes

Find an open spot where you aren’t near

others. When that is not possible, try to
keep as much space as possible.
SPACE OVERHEAD

• Don’t assume that the heights posted at bridges and overpasses are correct
• The weight of a cargo van changes its height
• If you doubt you have safe space to pass under an object, go slowly. If you
aren’t sure you can make it, take another route
• Some roads can cause a vehicle to tilt
SPACE BELOW

• Many drivers forget about the space under their vehicles.

• Don’t take the chance on getting hung up on drainage channels, or access
roads.
• Railroad tracks can also cause problems particularly when pulling trailers
with low clearance.
SPACE FOR TURNS
The space around a truck or bus is important in turns. Because of wide turning and offtracking, large
vehicles can hit other vehicles or objects during a turn

Right Turns Left Turns

• Turn slowly to give yourself and others • Make sure you have reached the center of
more time to avoid problems an intersection before you start the left turn

• Turn wide as you turn • If there are two turning lanes always take
the right turn lane.
• Keep the rear of the vehicle as close to
the curb
• If you turn to soon the left side of your
vehicle may hit another vehicle because of
• Don’t turn wide to the left as you start to offtracking
turn
SPACE FOR TURNS
SPACE NEEDED TO ENTER
SPACE NEEDED TO ENTER

• Because of slow acceleration and the space

large vehicles require you may need a
larger gap in traffic
• Acceleration varies with the load. Allow
more room if your vehicle is heavily
loaded
• Before you start to cross the road, make
sure you can get all the away across before
traffic reaches you
SEEING HAZARDS

What is a Hazard?
SEEING HAZARDS

What is a Hazard?
A hazard is any road condition or
other road user that is a possible
danger.
SEEING HAZARDS

What is a Hazard? • Seeing hazards lets you be prepared.

A hazard is any road condition or • You will have more time to react if
other road user that is a possible you see a hazard before they are
danger. emergencies
• There are often clues that will help
you see a hazard
SEEING HAZARDS

• What is the potential hazard?

HAZARDOUS ROADS

• Work zones – have narrow lanes, uneven surfaces, distracted drivers and
workers in the area.
• Drop offs – are near the edges of the roadway and can cause your vehicle to
tilt toward the side
• Foreign objects – Items on the roadway can be a road hazard.
• On/Off ramps – due to the curvature of the road, you will need to slow down
to prevent the vehicle from rolling over.
DRIVER WHO ARE HAZARDS
DRIVERS WHO ARE HAZARDS

• In order to protect yourself you must know when other drivers may do
something hazardous.
DRIVERS WHO ARE HAZARDS

• In order to protect yourself you must know when other drivers may do
something hazardous.
• People who cant see others are very dangerous
• Delivery trucks have limited vision, make stops often, and step out of there
vehicle often in a hurry
• Parked vehicles may suddenly start up and drive into your way
DRIVERS WHO ARE HAZARDS

• Pedestrians and bicyclist may be on the road with their backs to the traffic so
they cant see or hear you
• People who are distracted are hazardous, watch for where they are looking
• Children tend to act quickly without checking traffic
• Talkers, Ice Cream Trucks, Disabled vehicles, accidents, shoppers, confused
drivers, slow drivers, drivers, signaling a turn, drivers in a hurry, drunk
drivers,
ALWAYS HAVE A PLAN

• You should always be looking for hazards.

• Continue to learn to see hazards on the road.
• You look for the hazards in order to have time to plan a way out of any
emergency.
• Always be prepared to take action based on your plans.
REVIEW #4

• If you are driving a 30-foot vehicle at highway speeds, how many seconds of
following distance should you allow?
• You should decrease your following distance if somebody is following too cl
osely. True or False?
• Why make emergency plans when you see a hazard?
DISTRACTED DRIVING

• Distracted driving can result when you perform any activity that may shift
your full attention from the driving task.
• Taking your eyes off the road or hands off the wheel presents obvious driving
risks.
• Mental activities that take your mind away from driving are just as
dangerous.
DISTRACTED • Talking to passengers
DRIVING • Adjusting the radio or climate controls
• Eating, drinking, or smoking
• Reading maps
Activities that can • Picking up something that fell
distract your attention • Talking on a cell phone, texting
include: • Day-dreaming
 • Review and be totally familiar with all safety and
DON’T DRIVE usage features on any in-vehicle electronics
•
DISTRACTED Pre-program radio stations
• Pre-load your favorite CDs
If a driver reacts a half-
• Clear vehicle of any unnecessary objects
second slower because of
distractions, crashes double. • Review maps and route before driving
• Adjust mirrors before driving
Here are some tips to follow
so you won’t become • Don’t attempt to read or write while driving

distracted: • Avoid smoking, eating, and drinking

• Don’t engage in complex or emotionally intense
conversations
 • When possible pull of the road in a safe, legal
DON’T DRIVE place when making receiving a call

DISTRACTED • If possible turn the cell phone off until your

destination is reached
Use in-vehicle • Position cell phone with in easy reach
communication • Pre-program cell phone with commonly called
numbers
equipment • If you have to place a call do not call while
cautiously driving
• If you must keep conversations short
• Hang up in tricky situations
WATCH OUT FOR
OTHER
DISTRACTED • Vehicles that may drift over the lane divider
DRIVERS lines or within their own lane
You need to be able to
• Vehicles travelling at inconsistent speeds
recognize other drivers who
are not engaged in any form • Drivers who are pre-occupied with maps,
of driving distraction. food, cigarettes, cell phones, or other objects

Here are examples to look • Drivers who appear to be involved in

for: conversations with their passengers
AGGRESSIVE DRIVER/ROAD RAGE
AGGRESSIVE DRIVER/ROAD RAGE

• Aggressive driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle in a selfish, bold,

or pushy manner, without regard for the rights or safety of others.
AGGRESSIVE DRIVER/ROAD RAGE

• Aggressive driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle in a selfish, bold,

or pushy manner, without regard for the rights or safety of others.
• Road Rage is operating a motor vehicle with the intent of doing harm to
others or physically assaulting a driver or their vehicle.
AGGRESSIVE DRIVER/ROAD RAGE
AGGRESSIVE DRIVER/ROAD RAGE
DON’T BE AN AGGRESSIVE DRIVER

• Reduce stress before and while you drive

• Give the drive your full attention. Don’t allow yourself to become distracted
• Be realistic about your travel time
• If you’re going to be later than you expected, deal with it
• Give others the benefit of the doubt
• Slow down and keep your following distance reasonable
• Don’t drive slow in the left lane
• Avoid gestures
• Be a cautious and courteous driver
WHAT SHOULD YOU DO WHEN
CONFRONTED BY AN AGGRESSIVE DRIVER
WHAT SHOULD YOU DO WHEN
CONFRONTED BY AN AGGRESSIVE DRIVER

• First and foremost, make every attempt to get out of their way
• Put your pride in the backseat
• Avoid eye contact
• Ignore gestures and refuse to react to them
• Report aggressive drivers to the authorities
• If you have a cell phone and can do it safely call the police
REVIEW #5

• How do you recognize a distracted driver?

• What is the difference between aggressive driving and road rage?
• What are some things you can do to reduce your stress before and while you
drive?
DRIVING AT NIGHT
DRIVING AT NIGHT

• You are at greater risk when you drive at night. Driver’s can’t see hazards as
quickly as in daylight, so they have less time to react. Drivers caught by
surprise are less able to avoid a crash. The problems of night driving involve
the driver, the roadway, and the vehicle.
DRIVING AT NIGHT

DRIVER FACTORS ROADWAY FACTORS VEHICLE FACTORS

• Vision – people can’t see as sharply at • Poor lighting – Some areas may have • Headlights and lights – with low
night or in dim light. Also, your eyes bright street lights, but many areas beams, you can see about 250 feet
need to adjust to seeing in dim light will have poor lighting. The road ahead and with high beams about 350
scene can be confusing. Drive slow – 500 feet. Make sure all other lights
• Glare – Drivers can be blinded for a
enough to be sure you can stop in the are working and clean.
short time by bright light. It takes
distance you can see ahead.
time to recover from this blindness • Windshield and mirrors – it is more
• Drunk drivers – drunk drivers and important at night to have a clean
• Fatigue – fatigue and lack of alertness
drivers under the influence are a windshield and clean mirrors. Bright
are bigger problems at night. Most
hazard to themselves and others. Be lights at night can cause dirt on your
people are less alert at night,
especially alert around closing times windshield or mirrors to create a
especially after midnight.
for bars. glare of its own.
NIGHT TIME DRIVING PROCEDURES

• Pre-trip – pay extra attention to checking all lights and reflectors

• Avoid blinding others by dimming your lights within 500 feet of an
oncoming vehicle and within 300 feet when following another vehicle
• Do not look directly at the lights of oncoming vehicle
• Use high beams when you can
• If you get sleepy, stop driving at the nearest safe place
DRIVING IN FOG
Fog can occur at any time. Fog on
highways can be extremely
dangerous. Fog is often
unexpected and visibility can
deteriorate rapidly.
 • Obey all fog related warning signs
• Slow down before entering fog
DRIVING IN FOG
• Use low beam headlights and fog lights for
Fog can occur at any time. Fog on
best visibility
highways can be extremely
dangerous. Fog is often • Turn on your four-way flashers
unexpected and visibility can
deteriorate rapidly.
• Watch for vehicles on the side of the
roadway
• Use roadside markers as guides
• Listen for traffic you cannot see
DRIVING IN WINTER

• Pre-trip – check coolant level, defrosting and heating equipment, wipers and
washers, tires, tire chains, lights and reflectors, window and mirrors, hand
holds, steps and deck plates, radiator shutters, exhaust system
DRIVING IN WINTER

• Drive slowly and smoothly on slippery roads

• Start gently and slowly
• Check for ice on the road, especially on bridges and overpasses
• Adjust turning and braking conditions
• Adjust speed to conditions
• Adjust space to conditions
• Water in the brakes can cause brakes to be weak, when stopping for an extended period make
sure brakes are dry
DRIVING IN VERY HOT WEATHER

• Check tires, engine oil, coolant, hoses, and belts

• Watch for bleeding tar. Wet tar is very slippery
• Go slow enough to prevent overheating
REVIEW #6

• What should you do before you drive if you are drowsy?

• What effects can wet brakes cause? How can you avoid these problems?
• You should let air out of hot tires so the pressure goes back to normal. True o
r False?
RAILROAD-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS

PASSIVE CROSSING ACTIVE CROSSING

RAILROAD-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS

PASSIVE CROSSING ACTIVE CROSSING

• This type of crossing does not have • This type of crossing has a traffic
any traffic control device. The control device installed at the crossing
decision to stop or proceed rest to regulate traffic. These active
entirely in your hands devices include: flashing red lights,
with or without bells and flashing red
lights with bells and gates
RAILROAD-HIGHWAY CROSSINGS

PASSIVE CROSSING ACTIVE CROSSING

DRIVING PROCEDURES

• Never race a train to a crossing, it is extremely difficult to judge the speed of

an approaching train
• Reduce speed in accordance with your ability to see approaching trains
• Don’t expect to hear a train because of noise in your vehicle
• Don’t rely solely upon the presence of warning signals, gates, or flagmen
• Double tracks require a double check
STOPPING SAFELY AT RAILROAD-HIGHWAY
CROSSINGS

A full stop is required at grade crossing whenever:

• The nature of the cargo makes a stop mandatory
• Such a stop is otherwise mandated by law
When stopping be sure to:
• Check for traffic behind you
• Turn on your four-way flashers
CROSSING THE TRACK

• Railroad crossings with steep approaches can cause your unit to hang up on
tracks
• Never permit traffic conditions to trap you in a position where you have to
stop on the tracks
• It takes a typical unit at least 14 seconds to clear a single track and more than
15 seconds to clear a double track
• Do not shift over the tracks
CROSSING THE TRACK

• If for any reason you get stuck, get out of vehicle and away from tracks
• Call 911 and provide them with as much information as possible
• Low slung units, and single axle tractor pulling a long trailer can run the risk
of getting stuck
MOUNTAIN DRIVING

• While going up a grade, gravity will • While going down a grade, gravity
slow you down will cause your vehicle to increase
• Depending on the length, steepness in speed
of the grade and weight of the • You must select a safe speed and a
vehicle; you may have to use more low enough gear and use proper
of your lower gears braking techniques
MOUNTAIN DRIVING

SELECTING A SAFE SPEED SELECTING A SAFE SPEED

Consider the following for a safe • If a speed limit is posted, never
speed exceed the limit
• Total weight of vehicle/cargo • Use the engine braking effect to
• Length/steepness of grade keep the vehicle in a safe speed

• Road conditions/weather
MOUNTAIN DRIVING

Proper braking technique:

• Apply the brakes to feel a definite slow down
• When your speed has been reduced by five “5”mph below your safe speed
release the brakes
• When your speed has reached the safe speed, repeat steps 1 and 2
MOUNTAIN DRIVING

Selecting the right gear before starting down a grade:

• Shift transmission into a lower gear before starting down a grade
• Do not try to downshift while going down a grade, you may not be able to
downshift, or get into any gear at all
MOUNTAIN DRIVING

Brake fading or failure

• Braking creates heat, but brakes are designed to take a lot of heat
• However brakes can fade/fail due to excessive heat
• Your brakes may be fading if you need more brake pressure to slow a vehicle
down.
REVIEW #7

• Why should you be in the proper gear before starting down a hill?
• Describe the proper braking technique when going down a long, steep downg
rade?
• How long does it take for a typical tractor-trailer unit to clear a double track?
DRIVING EMERGENCIES

• Traffic emergencies occur when two vehicles are about to collide

• Vehicle emergencies occur when tires, brakes, or other critical parts fail
• If an emergency does occur, your chances of avoiding a collision depend on
how well you take action
DRIVING EMERGENCIES

STEERING TO AVOID A CRASH

• Stopping is not always the safest • Always keep two hands on the wheel
thing to do in an emergency How to turn quickly and safely
• When you don’t have enough room • Do not apply the brakes when
to stop, you may have to steer away steering to avoid
from the emergency
• Do not over steer
• Be prepared to counter steer
DRIVING EMERGENCIES

WHERE TO STEER
• If a vehicle has entered your lane, a • If you use your mirrors, you will know
move to the right may be best if you have clearance in another lane

• If there is something blocking your • If the shoulder is clear, you may use
path, the best direction to steer the shoulder
depends on the situation • If you are blocked on both sides, a
move to the right will be best
DRIVING EMERGENCIES

LEAVING THE ROAD

• Most shoulders can support the • Keep one set of wheels on the
weight of a large vehicle pavements to maintain control
• If possible avoid using the brakes • Stay on the shoulder as long as it is
until you are at or below 20mph clear
DRIVING EMERGENCIES
HOW TO STOP
QUICKLY AND CONTROLLED
SAFELY BRAKING STAB BRAKING
You should brake in a • Apply the brakes as hard as • Apply the brakes all the way
you can without locking the
way that will keep your • When the wheels lock up,
brakes
release the brakes
vehicle in control • Keep steering movements
minimal
• When the wheels release,
re-apply the brakes
• If the wheels lock up, release
the brakes and re-apply • Repeat as necessary
DRIVING EMERGENCIES

RECOGNIZING TIRE FAILURE

• Sound: the loud “bang” is a key • Feel: if the steering feels heavy, one
indicator of a tire failure. of the front tires has failed
• Vibration: if the vehicle vibrates or
thumps may be sign that a tire has
gone flat
DRIVING EMERGENCIES

HOW TO RESPOND TO A TIRE

FAILURE
• Hold the steering wheel firmly, if a • After stopping, get out and check all
front tire fails the vehicle will have a your tires.
tendency to pull away from you
• Even if the ride feels fine, the only
• Stay off the brakes, braking with a way to know if a dual tire failed is
tire failure could cause a vehicle to by physically checking it.
skid
ANTI LOCK BRAKE SYSTEM A.B.S.

• What is ABS?
• ABS is a computerized system that keeps your wheels from locking up
during hard brake applications
• ABS is an addition to your normal brakes
• It does not decrease or increase your normal braking capabilities
• ABS only activates when wheels are about to lock up and help keep your
vehicle under control during hard braking
ABS

• Tractors, Trucks, and Buses will have a yellow ABS malfunction lamp on the panel
• Trailers will have a yellow ABS malfunction lamp on the left side, either on the front or
rear corner
• Use only the braking force necessary to stop safely and stay in control
• Without ABS you still have normal brake functions drive and brake as you always have.
• ABS will not allow you to drive faster, follow more closely, or drive less carefully
SKID CONTROL AND RECOVERY

A skid happens whenever the tires lose their grip on the road. This is caused in
one of four ways:
• Over Braking: braking too hard causing the wheels to lock up
• Over Steering: turning the wheel more sharply than the vehicle can turn
• Over Acceleration: supplying too much power to the drive wheels
• Driving too Fast: most serious skids result from driving too fast for road
conditions
SKID CONTROL AND RECOVERY

• The most common skid is one in which the rear wheels lose traction through
excessive braking or acceleration
• Acceleration skids usually happen on ice or snow
• To correct an acceleration skid, take your foot off the accelerator
• To correct braking skids, release the brakes, turn quickly, counter steer, and
re- apply to slow the vehicle down
SKID CONTROL AND RECOVERY

Front wheel skids:

• Driving too fast for conditions causes most front wheel skids
• Other causes include lack of tread on the front tires, and cargo loaded so not
enough weight is on the front axle
• To correct a front wheel skid, let the vehicle slow down and stop turning and
or braking so hard. Slow down as quickly as possible without skidding
REVIEW #8

• What are some of the advantages of going right instead of left around an obst
acle?
• If a tire blows out, you should put the brakes on hard to stop quickly. True or
false?
• How do you know if your vehicle has anti-lock brakes?
ACCIDENT PROCEDURES

When you are in a accident and not seriously hurt, you need to act to prevent
further damage or injury. The basic steps to be taken at any accident are to:
• Protect the area
• Notify the authorities
• Care for the injured
PROTECT THE AREA

• If your vehicle is involved in the accident, get it to the side of the road
• If you stop to help, park away from the accident
• Put your flashers on
• Set your reflective triangles to warn other traffic
NOTIFY AUTHORITIES

• If you have a cell phone or CB, call for assistance before getting out of the
vehicle
• If not wait until after the area is protected, then send someone else to notify
the authorities
CARE FOR THE INJURED

If a qualified person is at the scene helping the injured, stay out of the way
unless asked to help. Here are some simple steps to follow in giving
assistance:
• Don’t move severely injured people unless the danger of fire or passing
traffic makes it necessary
• Stop heavy bleeding by applying direct pressure to the wound
• Keep the injured person warm
FIRES

The following are some causes of fires:

• After accidents, spilled fuel, improper use of flares
• Under inflated tires, duals that rub, bad hubs
• Electrical shorts due to damaged insulation, loose connections
• Driver smoking, improper fueling, loose fuel connections
• Flammable cargo, improperly sealed or loaded cargo, poor ventilations
FIRE PREVENTION

• During a pre-trip inspection, make sure all electrical and fuel connections are
secure, exhaust system, tires, and cargo. Also make sure the fire extinguisher
is charged
• While en-route, check tires, wheels, and truck body for signs of heat
whenever you stop during a trip
• Follow all safety procedures, especially when fueling your vehicle
• Check all gauges for signs of overheating
FIRE FIGHTING

• Pull off the road and park in an open area away from buildings, trees, brush,
or other vehicles
• Don’t pull into a service station
• Notify the authorities
• With an engine fire, turn the engine off and don’t open the hood
• If cargo is on fire keep the doors shut
FIRE FIGHTING

• When using the fire extinguisher, stay as far away from the fire as possible
• Aim at the source or base of fire, not at the flames
• Use the right fire extinguisher, for example 5lbs BC rated fire extinguisher
• If you are unsure on what type of fire extinguisher to use wait for the fire
department
REVIEW #9

• What are some things to do at an accident scene to prevent another accident?

• What kinds of fire is a B:C extinguisher not good for?
• Name some causes of vehicle fires.
ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUGS AND DRIVING

• Drinking alcohol and then driving is very dangerous and a serious problem.
• People who drink alcohol are involved in traffic accidents resulting in over 20,000
deaths every year
• Alcohol impairs muscle coordination, reaction time, depth perception, and night vision
• Alcohol goes directly into the blood stream and is carried to the brain
• After passing through the brain, a small percentage is removed in urine, perspiration,
and by breathing, while the rest is carried to the liver
ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUGS AND DRIVING

• The liver can only process 1/3 an ounce of alcohol per hour, which is considerably
less than the alcohol in a standard drink
• This is a fixed rate, so only time, not coffee or a cold shower will sober you up
• A standard drink consist of
1. A 12oz glass of 5% beer
2. A 5oz glass of 12% wine
3. A 1 1/2oz shot of 80 proof (40%) liquor
ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUGS AND DRIVING

Blood Alcohol Concentration - BAC

• BAC is determined by the amount
of alcohol you drink, how fast you
drink, and your weight
ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUGS AND DRIVING

• Alcohol affects more of the brain as the • The effects on driving are:
BAC increases
1. Straddling lanes
• The first part that is affected controls
judgment and self control 2. Quick, jerky stops
• Good judgment and self control are 3. Not signaling, failure to use lights
absolutely necessary for safe driving
4. Running stop signs and red lights
• As BAC continues to rise, muscle control,
vision, and coordination are affected. 5. Improper passing
ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUGS AND DRIVING
ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUGS AND DRIVING

• Besides alcohol, other legal and illegal drugs are being used more often
• Laws prohibit possession or use of many drugs while on duty
• They prohibit being under the influence of any “controlled substance,”
amphetamines, narcotics, or any other substance, which can make a driver
unsafe
• This could include a variety of prescription and over-the-counter meds,
which may make a driver drowsy or affect safe driving ability
ALCOHOL, OTHER DRUGS AND DRIVING

• However possession and use of a drug given to a driver by a doctor is permitted

if the doctor informs the driver that it will not affect safe driving ability
• Pay attention to warning labels for legitimate drugs and medicines, stay away
from illegal drugs
• Don’t use any drugs that hide fatigue, the only cure for fatigue is rest
• Use of drugs can lead to accidents resulting in death, injuries and lead to arrest,
fines, and loss of career
STAYING ALERT AND FIT TO DRIVE

• Driving a vehicle for long hours is tiring. Even the best of drivers will
become less alert
• Get enough sleep: sleep is not like money. You can’t save it and you can’t
borrow it. But just as with money, you can go into debt with sleep
• The debt can only be paid off with sleep
• Schedule trips around your normal awake hours
• Many heavy vehicle accidents happen during the hours of 12:00am-6:00am
STAYING ALERT AND FIT TO DRIVE

• Trying to push on and finish a long trip can be very dangerous

• Excersice regularly: with regular exercise, your body will be more resistant
to fatigue and have better sleeping habits
• Eat healthy
• Avoid medications that causes drowsiness
STAYING ALERT AND FIT TO DRIVE

• While you are driving, keep cool. A hot poorly ventilated cab can make you
sleepy
• Short breaks can help you stay alert. The time to take breaks is before you
start feeling drowsy or tired
• If you become ill and cannot safely operate a vehicle, do not drive
STAYING ALERT AND FIT TO DRIVE

• Recognize the danger signals of drowsy driving

1. Your eyes close or go out of focus by themselves
2. You have trouble keeping your head up
3. You cant stop yawning
4. You have wandering disconnected thoughts
5. You don’t remember the last few miles
6. You drift between lanes, tailgate, or miss traffic signs
7. You keep jerking the truck back into the lane
STAYING ALERT AND FIT TO DRIVE

• When you do become sleepy, stop to sleep

• When your body needs sleep, sleep is the only thing that will work
• If you find yourself sleepy in the middle of the day, take a nap. A half an
hour nap will do more to combat fatigue than coffee
• There are no drugs that can overcome being tired
• Do not rely on coffee or another source of caffeine to keep you awake
HAZMAT RULES FOR ALL COMMERCIAL
DRIVERS

• Even if you don’t have a HAZMAT endorsement, you must be able to

recognize hazardous cargo and whether or not you can haul it without having
a HAZMAT endorsement
• Hazardous materials are products that pose a risk to health, safety, and
property during transportation
HAZMAT RULES FOR ALL COMMERCIAL
DRIVERS
HAZMAT RULES FOR ALL COMMERCIAL
DRIVERS

• The intent of HAZMAT is to

1. Contain the product: HAZMAT rules tells the shipper how to package HAZMAT safely.
Similar rules apply to transportation methods
2. Communicate the risk: the shipper uses a shipping paper and a diamond shaped hazard
labels
3. Ensure safe drivers and equipment
HAZMAT RULES FOR ALL COMMERCIAL
DRIVERS

• Placards must be used to warn others of hazardous materials. Placards are

placed on the front, rear and both sides of the trailer
• All HAZMAT have an identification number called “UN/NA.”
• Not all vehicles carrying HAZMAT need to have placards, for example: you
would need more than 1,001lbs of explosive 1.4 to require placards
REVIEW #10

• What should you do if you become sleepy while driving?

• What is a hazardous material placard?
• What are the danger signals of drowsy driving?
TRANSPORTING CARGO SAFELY

• If you load cargo wrong or do not secure it, it can be a danger to others and
yourself
• Loose cargo that falls off a vehicle can cause traffic problems
• Loose cargo could hurt or kill you during a quick stop or crash
• Your vehicle could be damaged by an overload
INSPECTING CARGO

• As part of your pre-trip inspection, make sure the truck is not overloaded and the cargo
is balanced and secured properly
• After starting your trip, inspect the cargo and securement within the first 50 miles, make
adjustments as necessary
• Re-check the cargo and securement after you have driven for 3 hours or 150 miles
• After every break you take from driving
• Federal, State, and local regulations for commercial weight, securement, covering loads,
and where you can drive vary from place to place.
WEIGHT AND BALANCE

• You as the driver are responsible for not being overloaded.

• Gross Vehicle Weight (GVW): the total weight of a single vehicle plus it
load
• Gross Combination Weight (GCW): the total weight of a powered unit,
plus trailer(s), plus the cargo
• Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR): the maximum GVW specified by
the manufacturer for a single vehicle plus its load
WEIGHT AND BALANCE

• Gross Combination Weight Rating (GCWR): the maximum GCW

specified by the manufacturer for a specific combination of vehicles plus its
load
• Axle Weight: the weight transmitted to the ground by one axle or one set of
axles
• Tire load: the maximum safe weight a tire can carry at a specified pressure.
This rating is stated on the side of each tire
WEIGHT AND BALANCE

• Suspension systems: suspensions systems have a manufacture’s weight

capacity rating
• Coupling device capacity: coupling devices are rated for the maximum
weight they can pull and/or carry
WEIGHT AND BALANCE
LEGAL WEIGHT LIMITS

• You must keep weights within legal limits.

• States have maximum for GVWs, GCWs, and axle weights
• Axle weights are set by a bridge formula
• Overloading can have bad effects on steering, braking and speed control
• Stopping distances increases, and brakes can fail when forced to work too
hard
BALANCE AND WEIGHT

• The height of the vehicle’s center of gravity is very important for safe
handling
• A high center of gravity means you are more likely to tip over
• It is very important to distribute the cargo so it is as low as possible
• Poor weight balance can make vehicle handling unsafe
BALANCE AND WEIGHT

LOAD IS TO FAR
LOAD IS TO FAR BACK, NOT ENOUGH
LOAD IS FORWARD AND WEIGHT ON THE
CENTERED AND HEAVY ON THE DRIVE AND
BALANCED DRIVE AXLES STEERING AXLES
SECURING CARGO

• Blocking is used in the front, back and or sides of cargo to keep it from
sliding
• Blocking is shaped to fit snugly against cargo
• It is secured to the cargo deck to prevent cargo movement
• Bracing is also used to prevent movement of cargo
• Bracing goes from the upper part of the cargo to the floor and or walls
CARGO TIE DOWNS

• On flatbeds or trailers without sides, cargo must be secured to keep it shifting

or falling
• Tie downs must be of the proper type and proper strength
• Federal regulations require the aggregate working load limit of any
securement system used to secure an article or group of articles against
movement
• Must be at least one half times the weight of the article or group of articles
CARGO TIE DOWNS

• Proper tie down equipment must be used including, ropes, straps, chains, and
tensioning devices
• Tie downs must be attached to the vehicle correctly
• Cargo should have at least one tie down for each ten feet of cargo
• Make sure you have enough tie downs to meet this need
• No matter how small the cargo, it should have at least two tie downs
CARGO TIE DOWNS

• This A/C unit weighs 2,525lbs

• To figure out what rating tie down
you need multiply 2,525 by 1.5
• With that said, your tie down should
be rated to 3787.5lbs or greater
HEADER BOARDS

• Header boards protect you from

your cargo in case of a crash or
emergency stop
• Make sure the front end structure is
in good condition
• The front end structure should block
the forward movement of any cargo
COVERING CARGO

• The two basic reasons for covering cargo are:

1. To protect people from spilled cargo
2. To protect the cargo from weather
• Spill protection is a safety requirement in many states
• You should look at your cargo covers in the mirrors from time to time while
driving
• A flapping cover can tear loose, uncovering the cargo and possibly block your
view or someone else’s
SEALED AND CONTAINERIZED LOADS

• Some containers have their own tie down devices or locks that attach directly
to a special frame
• Others have to be loaded on a flatbed and properly secured
• You can not inspect sealed loads, but make sure you do not exceed gross
weight and axle weight limits
CARGO NEEDING SPECIAL ATTENTION

Dry bulk Hanging meat

• Dry bulk tanks require special care • Hanging meat in a truck can be very
cause of high center of gravity unstable due to high center of
• Be extremely careful going around gravity
curves and sharp turns • Particular caution is needed on
curves
CARGO NEEDING SPECIAL ATTENTION

Livestock
• Livestock can move in a trailer, Oversized loads
causing unsafe handling
• Over length/width/weight loads
• With less than full load, use false require special transit permits
bulkheads to keep livestock together
• Driving is usually limited to certain
• Special care is necessary around times
curves because livestock can lean
• Special equipment such as signs,
light, and escorts may be required
REVIEW #11

• How often must you stop while on the road to check your cargo?
• What can happen if you don’t have enough weight on the front axle?
• What is the minimum number of tie downs for any flatbed load?
AIR BRAKES

• Air brakes use compressed air to make the air brakes work
• Air brakes are a good and safe way of stopping large and heavy vehicles
• Air brakes are really 3 different braking systems: Service brake, Parking
brake, and Emergency brakes
AIR BRAKES

• The service brake system applies and releases the brakes when you use the
brake pedal during normal driving
• The parking brake system applies and releases the parking brakes when you
use the parking brake control
• The emergency brake system uses part of the service and parking brake
system to stop the vehicle in a brake system failure
PARTS OF AN AIR BRAKE SYSTEM

• Air compressor • Supply pressure gauges

• Air compressor governor • Application pressure gauge
• Air storage tanks • Low air pressure warning
• Air tank drains • Stop light switch
• Alcohol evaporator • Front brake limiting valve
• Safety valve • Spring brakes
• Brake pedal • Parking brake controls
• Foundation brakes • ABS
PARTS OF AN AIR BRAKE SYSTEM
AIR COMPRESSOR AIR STORAGE
AIR COMPRESSOR GOVERNOR TANKS
The air compressor pumps air into the air The governor controls when the air Air storage tanks are used to hold
storage tanks compressor will pump air into the air compressed air
storage tanks
The air compressor is connected to the The number and size varies among
engine through gears or a v-belt When the air tank pressure rises to the vehicles
“cut-out” level (approx. 125psi) the
The compressor may be air cooled or by The tanks will hold enough air to allow
governor will stop the compressor from
the engine cooling system the brakes to be used several times, even
pumping air
if the compressor stops working
It may have its own oil supply or
When the tank pressure drops to the “cut-
lubricated by the engine oil
in” pressure (approx. 100psi) the
governor allows the compressor to start
pumping again
PARTS OF AN AIR BRAKE SYSTEM
ALCOHOL
AIR TANK DRAINS EVAPORATOR SAFETY VALVE
Compressed air usually have some water Some air brake system have an alcohol A safety relief valve is installed in the
and/or oil in it, which is bad for the air evaporator to put alcohol into the air first tank that air compressor pumps air
brake system system into

Be sure that you drain the tanks This helps reduce the risk of ice in an air The safety valve protects the tank and the
completely at the end of each day brake system rest of the system from too much pressure

The two ways to drain a tank are: Check the alcohol container and fill as The valve is usually set to open at 150psi
necessary everyday in cold weather
• Manually turning a valve or by
pulling a cable

• Automatically
PARTS OF AN AIR BRAKE SYSTEM
FOUNDATION
THE BRAKE PEDAL BRAKES
You put on the brakes by pushing down Foundation brakes are used at each wheel Too much heat can make the brakes stop
brake pedal working
The most common type is the s-cam
Pushing the pedal down harder applies drum brake • S-cam drum brakes
more brake pressure
Brake drums are located on each end of When you push the brake pedal, air is let
Letting up on the brake pedal reduces the the axles into each brake chamber
air pressure and releases the brakes
The braking mechanism is inside the Air pressure pushes the rod out moving
Releasing the brakes lets some drum the slack adjuster thus twisting the brake
compressed air go out of the system camshaft
To stop a vehicle, the shoes and linings
are pushed against the inside of the drum This turns the s-cam which forces the
brake shoes away from one another and
This causes friction which slows the
presses them against the inside of the
vehicle and creates heat
video brake drum
PARTS OF AN AIR BRAKE SYSTEM
FOUNDATION SUPPLY PRESSURE APPLICATION
BRAKES GAUGES PRESSURE GAUGE
• Wedge brakes All vehicles with air brakes have a This gauge shows how much air pressure
pressure gauge connected to the air tank you are applying to the brakes
In this type of brake, the brake chamber
push rod pushes a wedge directly between If the vehicle has a dual air brake system, Increasing application pressure to hold
the end of two brake shoes there will be a gauge for each half of the the same speed mean the brakes are
system or one gauge and two needles fading
Wedge type brakes may be self adjusting
or require manual adjusting The need for increased pressure can also
be caused by brakes out of adjustment,
• Disc brakes
air leaks, or mechanical problems
Air pressure acts on a brake chamber and
slack adjuster but it turns a power screw

The power screw clamps the disc or rotor

between the brake linings pads of a
caliper
PARTS OF AN AIR BRAKE SYSTEM
LOW AIR PRESSURE FRONT BRAKE
WARNING STOP LIMIT SWITCH LIMITING VALVE
A low air pressure warning signal is Drivers behind you must be warned when Some older vehicles (pre-1975) have a
required on vehicles with air brakes you put your brakes on front brake limiting valve and control in
the cab
A warning signal must come on before The air brake system does this with an
the air pressure falls below 60psi electric switch that works by air pressure The control is marked “normal” and
“slippery”
The warning is usually a red light and
buzzer When placed in “slippery” mode, the
limiting valve cuts the normal air
Another type of warning is the wig-wag
pressure to the front brakes by half
On large buses it is common for the
Many vehicles have automatic front
warning to come on at 80-85psi
wheel limiting valves

They reduce the pressure applied except

during hard applications
PARTS OF AN AIR BRAKE SYSTEM
PARKING BRAKE
SPRING BRAKES CONTROLS ABS
All trucks, truck tractors, and buses must In newer vehicles there is a yellow Truck tractors with air brakes built after
be equipped with emergency brakes and diamond shape control knob, in an older March, 1997 and buses, trailers, and
parking brakes it may be controlled by a lever converter dollies after March, 1998 are
required to be equipped with ABS
When driving, powerful springs are held Caution: never push the brake pedal
back by air pressure when the spring brakes are on, the brakes ABS is a computerized system that keeps
can be damaged with the combined forces your wheels from locking up during hard
If the air pressure is removed the springs
brake applications
put on the brakes In some vehicles a control handle may be
used to apply the spring brakes gradually
A parking brake control in the cab allows
called a modulating valve
the driver to let the air out of the spring
brakes Dual parking control valves provides a
separate air tank to release the spring
The spring brakes will come fully on
brakes in an emergency
when the air pressure drops to 20-45psi
REVIEW # 12

• Why must air tanks be drained?

• What is a supply pressure gauge used for?
• Front wheel brakes are good under all conditions. True or false?
DUAL AIR BRAKE SYSTEM

• Most heavy duty vehicles use dual air brake systems for safety
• A dual air brake system has two separate air brake systems which use a
single set of controls
• Before driving allow time for the air compressor to build up a minimum of a
100psi in both systems
• The warning light/buzzer should come on before 60psi in either system
INSPECTING THE AIR BRAKE SYSTEM

DURING STEP 2 ENGINE STEP 5 WALK AROUND

CHECK INSPECTION
• Check air compressor drive belt if • While parked on a level ground, release
parking brakes and pull on slack adjusters
belt driven
• If slack adjuster moves more than one inch,
• If belt driven check for tightness than the brakes need adjustment
and condition • Check drums lining and hoses the drum must
not have cracks longer than one half the width
• The linings must not be loose, soaked in
grease and thin
• Check overall condition of the brake system
INSPECTING THE AIR BRAKE SYSTEM

Step 7: Final air brake check

• Test the low pressure warning signal
• Check spring brakes come on automatically
• Check rate of air pressure buildup 85-100psi in 45 sec. and 50-90 in 3 min.
• Test air leakage rate 3 and 4 psi in one minute
• Check compressor governor cut in and cut out pressures
• Test parking brakes
• Test service brakes
USING AIR BRAKES

NORMAL STOPS
• Control the pressure so the vehicle • Braking with ABS
comes to a smooth stop • Emergency stops
• If you have a manual transmission, 1. Controlled braking
don’t push in the clutch until you
are close to idle
2. Stab braking
• When stopped select a starting gear
USING AIR BRAKES

STOPPING DISTANCE
• Perception distance + Reaction + • Braking fading/failure
distance + Brake lag distance + Braking
• Proper braking technique
distance = Total stopping distance
• Brake lag distance accounts for one half
second or more for air to flow through
the lines
• Adds approximately 32’ to total
distance
USING AIR BRAKES

LOW AIR PRESSURE PARKING BRAKES

• If the low air pressure warning • Any time you park use the parking
comes on, stop and safely park your brake except: when the brakes are
vehicle ASAP very hot or when they are wet in
• If pressure drops below 45psi the freezing temperatures
spring brakes may apply causing the • Drain air tanks at the end of each
vehicle to skid out of control working day to remove moisture
and oil
REVIEW #13

• How can you check slack adjusters?

• What are the maximum air leakage rates?
• You still have normal brake functions if your ABS is not working. True or fal
se?
COMBINATION VEHICLES

• Combination vehicles are usually heavier, longer, and require more driving skill
than single commercial vehicle
• More than half of truck driver deaths in crashes are the result of truck rollovers
• Fully loaded rigs are ten times more likely to rollover in a crash than empty rigs
• Keeping cargo low and centered, and driving slowly around turns will minimize
the risks of rollovers
• Rollovers happen when you turn too fast
STEER GENTLY

• Trucks with trailers have a dangerous “crack-the-whip” effect

• When you make a quick lane change the effect can cause the trailer to turn
over
• Steer gently and smoothly when you are pulling trailers
• Maintain proper following distance
• Look far enough ahead
“CRACK-THE-WHIP” EFFECT
BRAKE EARLY

• Control your speed whether fully loaded or empty

• Large combination vehicles take longer to stop when empty
• You must be very careful driving “bobtail” tractors
• In any combination allow lots of following distance and look far enough
ahead so you can brake early
RAILROAD –HIGHWAY CROSSINGS

• Railroad crossings can cause problems for low units

• If for any reason you get stuck, get out of vehicle and clear the immediate
area
• Check signs for locations, and call 911
• Give as much information as necessary
TRAILER SKIDS

• When trailer is empty or lightly loaded, the trailer is more likely to skid
• The best way to detect a skid is by using the mirrors frequently
• The most common cause of a trailer skid is using the brakes too hard
• Release the brakes to regain traction and straighten out the vehicle as
necessary
TURNING

• When vehicle goes around a corner the rear wheels follow a different path
than the front wheels “off-tracking”
• Longer vehicles will off-track more than a standard CMV
• Steer the front end wide enough around a corner so the rear end does not go
over a curb, take out a sign, or hit a pedestrian
• However keep the rear of the vehicle close to the curb to avoid any vehicles
passing you in between the curb and your vehicle
TURNING
BACKING A TRACTOR TRAILER

• Backing a tractor trailer is different than a car or straight truck

• When backing try to position your vehicle to back in a straight line
• Look at your line of travel before you begin, if necessary get out and look
• Use mirrors on both sides frequently
• Back slowly so you can make necessary corrections
• Correct any drifting immediately
• When backing a trailer pull forward to reposition your vehicle as necessary
COMBINATION VEHICLE AIR BRAKES

• The trailer hand valve is located on the dash and should never be used while
driving or parking. Only use to test the trailer brakes
• The tractor protection valve keeps air in the tractor should the trailer break
away or develop a bad leak
• The tractor protection valve is controlled by the trailer air supply valve
• The trailer air supply control is an eight sided red knob. You push it in to
supply air to the trailer and pull it out to shut the air off and apply the brakes
COMBINATION VEHICLE AIR BRAKES

• Service line- carries air which is controlled by the foot brake or the trailer
hand brake
• Emergency line- has two purposes
1. It supplies air to the trailer air tanks
2. It controls the emergency brakes on combination vehicles
• Service and emergency lines are often color coded to keep them from getting
mixed up
COMBINATION VEHICLE AIR BRAKES

• The coupling devices (glad hands) are used to connect the air lines from the
truck to trailer
• The couplers have a rubber seal to prevent air leaks
• Clean the couplers before making connections
• If you cross the air lines, supply air will be sent to the service line instead of
the tanks
• Each trailer has one or more tanks that are filled by the emergency line
COUPLING AND UNCOUPLING

Knowing how to couple and uncouple correctly is basic to safe operation of

combination vehicles. Wrong coupling and uncoupling can be very dangerous.
General coupling and uncoupling steps will be discussed over the next few
slides. There are differences between different rigs, so learn the details of
coupling and uncoupling the truck(s) you will operate.
COUPLING AND UNCOUPLING

COUPLING
• Inspect the fifth wheel • Connect air lines to trailer • inspect coupling
• Inspect area and chock wheels • Supply air to trailer • Connect electrical cord and check air
lines
• Position tractor • Lock trailer brakes
• Raise front trailer supports
• Back slowly • Back under trailer
• Remove trailer wheel chocks
• Secure tractor • Check connection for security
• Check trailer height • Secure vehicle
COUPLING AND UNCOUPLING

UNCOUPLING
• Unlock fifth wheel • Position rig

• Pull tractor partially clear of trailer • Ease pressure on locking jaws

• Chock trailer wheels
• Secure tractor
• Lower the landing gear
• Inspect trailer supports
• Disconnect air lines and electrical cable
• Pull tractor clear of trailer
COUPLING

Inspect the fifth wheel Position tractor Check trailer height

• Check for damage missing part • Put tractor directly in front of the • The trailer should be low enough that
trailer it is raised lightly by the tractor when
• Check for proper position: tilted
backed under it
down toward rear of tractor, jaws • Check position by using both mirrors
open, safety handle in auto locking • Check kingpin and fifth wheel are
Back slowly
position, kingpin is not bent or aligned
broken • Back until fifth wheel just touches
Connect air lines to trailer
the trailer but don’t hit the trailer
Inspect area and chock wheels
• Check glad hand seals and connect
Secure the tractor
• Make sure area around vehicle is
• Make sure air lines a safely supported
clear • Put in neutral
so they are not crushed or pinned
• Be sure trailer wheels are chocked or • Put on the parking brake
spring brakes are on

• Check cargo is secured against

COUPLING

Supply air to trailer Lock trailer brakes Secure vehicle

• From cab push in air supply or move • Pull out the air supply or switch • Put transmission in neutral
tractor protection valve from tractor protection valve from normal
• Put parking brakes on
emergency to normal to emergency
• Take keys with you
• Wait until air pressure is normal Back under trailer
Inspect coupling
• Check system for crossed lines: shut • Use lowest reverse gear
off engine, apply and release trailer • Use a flashlight if necessary
• Back slowly under trailer to avoid
brakes and listen, check for signs of
damaging kingpin • Make sure there is NO space between
air leaks
upper and lower fifth wheel
• Stop when kingpin is locked in the
• When trailer brakes are working start
fifth wheel • Go under trailer and make sure fifth
engine
wheel jaws have closed around the
Check connection for security
• Make sure pressure is normal shank of the kingpin
• Raise trailer landing gear slightly
• Check locking lever is in the lock
COUPLING

Inspect coupling (continued) Raise front trailer supports (landing

gear)
• Check the safety latch is in position
over the locking lever • Use low range to begin raising the
landing gear
• If coupling isn’t right, don’t drive get
it fixed • Raise landing gear all the way up
Connect electrical cord and check air • Secure crank handle safely
lines
• When full weight of trailer is resting
• Plug electrical cord into trailer and on the tractor: check clearance of
fasten safety latch tractor frame and landing gear, check
clearance of tractor tires and nose of
• Check both air lines and electrical
the trailer
lines for signs of damage
Remove trailer wheel chocks
• Make sure the lines will not hit any
moving parts of the vehicle • Remove trailer wheel chocks and
UNCOUPLING

Position rig Lower the landing gear Unlock the fifth wheel

• Make sure parking surface can • If trailer is empty lower landing gear • Raise the release handle lock
support weight of trailer until it makes firm contact with the
• Pull the release handle to open
ground
• Line up tractor with the trailer position
• If loaded, after landing gear touches
Ease pressure on locking jaws • Keep legs and feet clear of tractor
ground, turn crank in low gear a few
wheels to avoid injury
• Shut off trailer air supply extra turns
Pull tractor partially clear of trailer
• Ease pressure on locking jaw by Disconnect air lines and electrical cord
backing up gently • Pull tractor forward until fifth wheel
• Disconnect air lines and electrical
comes out from under the trailer
• Put tractor parking brakes on while cord
pushing against the kingpin • Stop with tractor frame under the
• Store electrical cord upside down and
trailer
Chock trailer wheels air lines together or in dummy
coupler
• Chock the trailer if there are no
UNCOUPLING

Secure tractor Pull tractor clear of trailer

• apply parking brake • Release parking brakes

• Place transmission in neutral • Check the area and drive forward
until it clears
Inspect trailer supports

• Make sure ground is supporting

trailer

• Make sure landing gear is not

damaged
INSPECTING A COMBINATION VEHICLE

During step 5 walk around inspection check:

• Check lower fifth wheel for: securely mounted to frame, no missing or
damaged parts, enough grease, no gap between upper and lower fifth wheel,
locking jaws around the shank of kingpin, release arm properly seated and
safety latched engaged
• Check upper fifth wheel for: glide plate securely mounted to frame, kingpin
not damaged
INSPECTING A COMBINATION VEHICLE

• Check air and electrical lines for: properly installed, no leaks, and all lines are free of
damage
• Check sliding fifth wheel for: slide is not damaged or parts missing, properly greased,
all locking pins present and locked, if air powered-no air leaks, position of fifth wheel
• Check landing gear is fully raised, no missing parts, not damaged
• Crank handle in place and secured
• If landing gear is power operated, no air or hydraulic leaks
INSPECTING A COMBINATION VEHICLE

Step 7 air brakes

• Check that air flows to all trailers by pushing in the red control knob and use the trailer
hand brake to provide air to the supply line
• Go to the rear and open the emergency line valve and listen for air
• Open the service line and listen for air
• Test the tractor protection valve by shutting off the engine, step on and off the brakes
until the air pressure drops between 20-45psi. When the pressure drops that low the
tractor protection valve will pop out
INSPECTING A COMBINATION VEHICLE

• With a charged air system and check that the trailer rolls freely
• Pull out trailer air supply and gently pull against the brakes
• With normal air pressure, release the parking brakes and move the vehicle
forward slowly and apply the trailer brakes and make sure the vehicle stops
CONGRATULATIONS YOU ARE DONE
WHAT IS THE MOST IMPORTANT REASON
FOR DOING A VEHICLE INSPECTION

• Safety
• 2.1.1
WHAT 3 KINDS OF EMERGENCY EQUIPMENT
MUST YOU HAVE?

• Fire extinguisher
• Spare electrical fuses
• Triangles
2.1.3
WHAT SHOULD WHEEL BEARING SEALS BE
CHECKED FOR?

• Not leaking
2.1.5
Step 5 of the walk around inspection
WHY YOU SHOULD BACK TOWARDS THE
DRIVER SIDE?

• Back to the drivers side so you can see better

2.2.4
WHAT ARE 2 SPECIAL CONDITIONS WHERE
YOU SHOULD DOWNSHIFT?

• Before starting down a hill

• Before entering a curve
2.3.1
RETARDERS KEEP YOU FROM SKIDDING
WHEN THE ROAD IS SLIPPERY. TRUE OR
FALSE?
• True
2.3.4
RETARDERS KEEP YOU FROM SKIDDING
WHEN THE ROAD IS SLIPPERY. TRUE OR
FALSE?
• False
2.3.4
IF STOPPED ON A HILL, HOW CAN YOU
START MOVING WITHOUT ROLLING BACK?

• Partly engage the clutch before you take your right foot off the brake
2.2.1
HOW FAR AHEAD SHOULD YOU LOOK?

• Most good drivers look at least 12-15 seconds ahead.

2.4.1
WHAT 3 THINGS ADD UP TO TOTAL
STOPPING DISTANCE?

• Perception distance
• Reaction distance
• Braking distance
2.6.1
WHAT IS HYDROPLANING?

• The tires lose their contact with the road and have little to no traction.
2.6.2
IF YOU ARE DRIVING A 30-FOOT VEHICLE AT
HIGHWAY SPEEDS, HOW MANY SECONDS OF
FOLLOWING DISTANCE SHOULD YOU ALLOW?
4 seconds
2.7.1
YOU SHOULD DECREASE YOUR FOLLOWING
DISTANCE IF SOMEBODY IS FOLLOWING TOO
CLOSELY. TRUE OR FALSE?
False
2.7.2
Dealing with tailgaters safely
WHY MAKE EMERGENCY PLANS WHEN YOU
SEE A HAZARD?

In order to have time to plan a way out of any emergency.

2.8.4
HOW DO YOU RECOGNIZE A DISTRACTED
DRIVER?

• Vehicle may drift over the lane divider

• Vehicles travelling at inconsistent speeds
• Drivers who are preoccupied
• Drivers who appear to be in conversations with passengers
2.9.7
WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
AGGRESSIVE DRIVING AND ROAD RAGE?

• Aggressive driving is the act of operating a motor vehicle in a selfish, bold,

or pushy manner without regard for the rights or safety of others
• Road rage is operating a motor vehicle with the intent of doing harm to
others or physically assaulting a driver or their vehicle
2.10.1
WHAT ARE SOME THINGS YOU CAN DO TO
REDUCE YOUR STRESS BEFORE AND WHILE
YOU DRIVE?
• Reduce your stress before and while you drive
• Give the drive your full attention
• Be realistic about your travel time
2.10.2
WHAT SHOULD YOU DO BEFORE YOU DRIVE
IF YOU ARE DROWSY?

• If you are drowsy, sleep before you drive.

2.11.5
WHAT EFFECTS CAN WET BRAKES CAUSE?
HOW CAN YOU AVOID THESE PROBLEMS?

• Water in brakes can cause the brakes to be weak, to apply unevenly, or to

grab. This can cause lack of braking power, wheel lock ups, pulling to one
side or the other, and jackknife if you pull a trailer.
• Avoid driving through deep puddles or flowing water if possible.
2.13.2
YOU SHOULD LET AIR OUT OF HOT TIRES SO
THE PRESSURE GOES BACK TO NORMAL.
TRUE OR FALSE?
• False. Do not let air out or the pressure will be too low when the tires cool
off.
2.14.1
WHY SHOULD YOU BE IN THE PROPER GEAR
BEFORE STARTING DOWN A HILL?

• Do not try to downshift after your speed has already built up. You will not be
able to shift into a lower gear.
2.16.2
DESCRIBE THE PROPER BRAKING
TECHNIQUE WHEN GOING DOWN A LONG,
STEEP DOWNGRADE.
• Apply the brakes to feel a definite slowdown
• When your speed has been reduced to approximately five mph below your
safe speed, release the brakes
• When your speed has increased to your safe speed, repeat steps 1 and 2
2.16.4
HOW LONG DOES IT TAKE A TYPICAL
TRACTOR-TRAILER UNIT TO CLEAR A
DOUBLE TRACK?
• It takes a typical tractor-trailer unit at least 14 seconds to clear a single track
and more than 15 seconds to clear a double track.
2.15.5
WHAT ARE SOME OF THE ADVANTAGES OF
GOING RIGHT INSTEAD OF LEFT AROUND AN
OBSTACLE?
• If you are blocked on both sides, a move to the right may be best. At least
you wont force anyone into an opposing traffic lane and a possible head-on
collision.
2.17.1
IF A TIRE BLOWS OUT, YOU SHOULD PUT THE
BRAKES ON HARD TO STOP QUICKLY. TRUE
OR FALSE?
• False.
2.17.4
HOW DO YOU KNOW IF A VEHICLE HAS
ANTI-LOCK BRAKES?

• Tractors, trucks, and buses will have a yellow malfunction on the instrument
panel.
2.18.3
WHAT ARE SOME THINGS TO DO AT AN
ACCIDENT SCENE TO PREVENT ANOTHER
ACCIDENT?
• Protect the Area
• Get to the side of the road
• Park away from the scene of the accident
• Put on your flashers
• Set your reflective triangles
2.20.1
WHAT KIND OF FIRES IS A B:C
EXTINGUISHER NOT GOOD FOR?

• Wood, paper, ordinary combustibles

Figure 2.20
NAME SOME CAUSES OF VEHICLE FIRES.

• After accidents, spilled fuel, improper use of flares

• Tires under-inflated and duals that touch
• Electrical system short circuits
• Driver smoking, improper fueling, loose fuel connections
• Flammable cargo, improperly sealed or loaded cargo, poor ventilation
2.21.1
WHAT SHOULD YOU DO IF YOU BECOME
SLEEPY WHILE DRIVING?

• Stop to sleep, take a nap, avoid drugs, and do not rely on coffee or another
source of caffeine to keep you awake.
2.23.3
WHAT IS A HAZARDOUS MATERIALS
PLACARD?

• Placards must be used to warn others of hazardous materials. Placards are

signs put on the outside of a vehicle that identify the hazard class of the
cargo.
2.24.3
WHAT ARE THE DANGER SIGNALS OF
DROWSY DRIVING?
• Your eyes close or go out of focus
• You have trouble keeping your head up
• You have wandering disconnected thought
• You don’t remember driving the last few miles
• You drift in between lanes, tailgate, or miss traffic signs
• You keep jerking the truck back into your lane
• You have drifted off the road and narrowly missed crashing.
2.23.2
HOW OFTEN MUST YOU STOP ON THE ROAD
TO CHECK YOUR CARGO?

• Within the first 50 miles after beginning a trip

• After you have driven for 3 hours or 150 miles
• After every break you take during driving
3.1
WHAT CAN HAPPEN IF YOU DON’T HAVE
ENOUGH WEIGHT ON THE FRONT AXLE?

• Under-loaded front axles can make the steering axle weight too light to steer
safely.
3.2.4
WHAT IS THE MINIMUM NUMBER OF
TIEDOWNS FOR ANY FLATBED LOAD?

• No matter how small the cargo, it should have at least two tiedowns
3.3.2
WHY MUST AIR TANKS BE DRAINED?

• Compressed air usually has some water and some compressor oil in it, which
is bad for the air brake system.
5.1.4
WHAT IS A SUPPLY PRESSURE GAUGE USED
FOR?

• All vehicles with air brakes have a pressure gauge connected to the air tank.
The gauge shows how much pressure is in each system.
5.1.9
FRONT WHEEL BRAKES ARE GOOD UNDER
ALL CONDITIONS. TRUE OR FALSE?

• True, Front wheel braking is good under all conditions.

5.1.13
HOW CAN YOU CHECK SLACK ADJUSTERS?

• Park on level ground and chock the wheels.

• Release the parking brakes.
• Pull hard on each slack adjuster.
• If slack adjuster moves more than one inch, your slack adjusters needs to be
adjusted.
5.3.2
WHAT ARE THE MAXIMUM AIR LEAKAGE
RATES?

• Engine off/Brakes off, 2 psi in one minute for a single vehicle or 3 psi for a
combination vehicle
• Engine off/Brakes on, 3 psi in one minute for a single vehicle or 4 psi for a
combination vehicle
5.3.3
YOU STILL HAVE NORMAL BRAKE
FUNCTIONS IF YOUR ABS IS NOT WORKING.
TRUE OR FALSE?
• True, without ABS, you still have normal brake functions. Drive and brake as
you always have.
5.4.2

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