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Chapter 2

The document discusses particle technology, which involves the characterization and manipulation of particles. It defines different particle size parameters like equivalent diameter and explains how size and shape can be defined for irregular particles. Methods for determining particle size distribution through screen analysis are also described.

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15 views

Chapter 2

The document discusses particle technology, which involves the characterization and manipulation of particles. It defines different particle size parameters like equivalent diameter and explains how size and shape can be defined for irregular particles. Methods for determining particle size distribution through screen analysis are also described.

Uploaded by

bereket tekle
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Unit operations for Industrial Chemistry (ChEg

3106)

Chapter 2

Particle Technology
Particle Technology

• Is a term used to refer to the science and technology related

to the handling and processing of particles and powder.

• Studies the properties, and manipulation of particles, which

can be in the form of powders, granules, droplets, or solid

particles.

Solids in a chemical processes are mostly present in the form

of particles
• Its applied to pharmaceuticals, chemicals, materials science, food

processing, cosmetics, environmental engineering, and many others.

 it participates in drug delivery systems, catalysts, coatings, pigments,

composite materials, and advanced filtration systems.

 Ignorance of particle technology may result in:


– Loss of production
– poor product quality
– risk to health
– dust expulsion or storage silo collapse.
In particle technology, particles are characterized
through:
size,
shape,
Density
surface properties,
composition, and
interactions with each other and their
surroundings.
Particle size and shape
 Size and shape are easily specified for regular particles, such as

spheres, cubes, cylinders and etc., but many particles commonly

encountered in industrial process do not confirm to these

configurations.

 For irregular particles, the term size and shape are not so clear and

must be arbitrarily defined.


Particle size
Different authors proposed empirical definition to the size of
irregular particles.
• Martin (1931): Defined as the length of the line bisecting
the maximum cross sectional area of the particle.
• Feret: Defined as the distance between the most extreme
points on the particle surface.
• Latest definition: Size is normally defined by comparing
with a spherical particle.
 which is called equivalent size or equivalent diameter of irregular particle
 The equivalent diameter is the size of spherical particle having the same
controlling characteristics as the particle under consideration.

 Controlling characteristics depends on the system and process in which the


particle is involved.

 For catalyst particle, the surface area is the most controlling parameter.

Therefore, for defining the size of catalyst particle, we use equivalent surface
diameter (ds ) which can be defined as the diameter of spherical particle having
the same surface area as the particle.

As2

where As: surface area of the particle

ds: diameter of the particle


The gravitational free settling,

velocity of particle in liquid is

controlled by the mass of the particle.

Therefore particle size may be


where Vp Is volume of particle
dv: volumetric diameter
defined by volumetric diameter dV

which is the diameter of spherical

particle having the same volume as

particle.
• The dynamic of gas bubble in liquid or that of liquid drops in
liquid or gas depends not only on bubble or drop volume also
interfacial tension at gas-liquid or liquid - liquid interface.
• Therefore, surface area and volume bubble Volume surface
diameter (dvs) or sauter diameter as controlling parameter.

The Volume-surface diameter (dvs) defined as spherical particle


having the same specific surface (surface area per unit volume)
as the particle (bubble or drop) under consideration.
where as Sp: specific surface and dvs: volume surface diameter.

 Therefore, the controlling parameter plays a great role in determining the

size of irregular particles.

 Once the controlling characteristics is specified, the size of irregular

particle can be defined.

We can determine the surface area and volume of irregular particles using

different methods like:

– microscopic examination
Example
• For fine granular materials, however, it is difficult to

determine the exact volume and surface area of particle.

• for such cases the equivalent diameter can be

determined based on screen analysis (d avg) which is the

arithmetic average of the aperture size of two

successive standard screens.


• In the standard sieve test screen stacked top-screen with
largest aperture size and bottom screen with smallest aperture.

The material retained on each screen including the material in


bottom pan is weighed.
Particle shape
The exact shape of an irregular particle is difficult to specify.

One of the methods of defining particle shape is by using the

sphericity (Φs).

Sphericity is defined as the ratio of surface area of spherical

particle having the same volume as the particle to surface

area of the particle.

Since diameter of spherical particle having the same volume as

particle is dv.
 the specific surface ratio (n): it is the ratio of specific surface
(surface area per unit mass) of the particle to specific surface
of spherical particle of the same diameter.

 let the average size of the particle be davg.


Particle shape Sphericity Example

Spherical 1 Glass beads

Rounded 0.82 Water worn solids

Cubic 0.806 Sugar

Angular 0.66 Crushed materials

Flaky 0.54 Gypsum

Platlet 0.22 Clay, mica, graphite


Mixed particle size and size analysis
In a sample of uniform particles of diameter Dp the total volume of the
particles is m/ρp.
where: m=the total mass of the sample and ρp = the density of the
particles.
The number of particles in the sample N is:
where Vp is the volume of one particles.
The total surface area of the particles is:

• To apply the above equation, the mixture is sorted into


fractions, each with constant density and size.
• Each fraction can then be weighted or counted & then the
equation will be applied for each fraction & then summed.
• Information from such a particle-size analysis is tabulated to
show the mass or no fractions in each size increment.
Specific Surface Of A Mixture

If the particle density ρp & sphericity Φs are known, the surface area of
the particles in each fractions may be calculated from previous
equation and the results will be added to give Aw (the specific surface
area).
Average Particle Size
The average particle size for a mixture of particles is defined in

several different ways.

• The most used is the volume-surface mean diameter, which can


be defined as:

Substituting Aw:
The arithmetic mean diameter is:

Where, NT is the number of particles in the entire sample.

 The mass mean diameter can be found from:

• The volume mean diameter can also be found from:

• For samples consisting of uniform particles all the above average


diameter are the same:
• For mixture containing particles of various sizes, the above several
diameters may differ from one another.
Number of Particles in Mixtures
For a given particle shape, the volume of any particles is
proportional to its diameter.

Where a is the volume shape factor.

o Assuming a is independent of size, the total population is one

mass unit of sample:


Screen Analysis

• Standard screens are used to measure the size (and

size distribution) of particles in the size range b/n

about 76mm & 38μm.

• Testing sieves are made of woven wire screen, the

mesh and dimensions of which are carefully

standardize.

• The openings are square.

• Each screen is identified in meshes per inch.

• Tyler standard screen series.

• The area of the openings in any one screen in the

series is exactly twice that of the openings in the next

smaller screen.

• The ratio of the actual mesh dimension of any screen

to that of the next smaller screen is that =1.41


Example

The screen analysis in the following Table applies to


a sample of crushed quartz. The density of particle,
shape factor and sphericity are 0.00265 g/mm 3, 2 and
0.571, respectively. For the material between 4 and
200 mesh in particle size, Calculate: a) A w (mm2/g)

and Nw (particles/g), b) v c) s d) w, e) Ni for 150/200


mesh size f) What fraction of the total number of
particles is in the 150/200-mesh increment
Table. Sieving Analysis.
a) For 4/6-mesh increment, pi (arithmetic diameter mean)
of the mesh opening of the defining screen Dpi, and 3
are important values to determine unknown values.
c) The volume surface mean diameter (s)
s =1/0.8278=1.208 mm
d) Mass mean diameter (w )
w = 1.677mm

f) Ni/NT=836/1,654=0.505=50.5% of the particles


in the 12 increments.

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