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Unit-3 PPT Vector

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203 views31 pages

Unit-3 PPT Vector

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shivamkhandelwal200329
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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University Institute of Engineering

DEPARTMENT – AU1- AU5


Bachelor of Engineering
Subject Name: Mathematics-II
Subject Code: 23SMT-125

DISCOVER . LEARN . EMPOWER


COURSE OUTCOMES
CO Title Level
Number
Remember the concepts based upon partial differentiation, multiple Remember
CO1 integrals and vector calculus.

Understand the concepts of the partial differentiation, multiple Understand Will be


CO2 covered in
integrals and vector calculus.
this
Apply concepts of partial differentiation, multiple integrals and Apply lecture
CO3 vector calculus and to use in practical problems.

CO4 Analyze concepts of partial differentiation, multiple integrals and Analyze


vector calculus and its application of analysis to Engineering
problems.

Create the solution for real problems based upon partial Applications
CO5 differentiation, multiple integrals and vector calculus.

2
VECTOR CALCULUS
Here, we define two operations that:

• Can be performed on vector fields.

• Play a basic role in the applications of vector calculus to fluid flow, electricity, and
magnetism.

• Each operation resembles differentiation.

• However, one produces a vector field whereas the other produces a scalar field.
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DIVERGENCE
If F = P i + Q j + R k is a vector field on
and ∂P/∂x, ∂Q/∂y, and ∂R/∂z exist,
the divergence of F is the function of three variables defined by:

P Q R
div F   
x y z
DIVERGENCE
In terms of the gradient operator
        
 i    j  k
 x   y   z 
the divergence of F can be written symbolically as the dot product of and F:

div F    F
DIVERGENCE
If F(x, y, z) = xz i + xyz j – y2 k
find div F.
• By the definition of divergence (Equation 9 or 10) we have:

div F    F
  

x
 xz  
y
 xyz  
z
 y 
2

 z  xz
DIVERGENCE
Again, the reason for the name divergence can be understood in the
context of fluid flow.

• If F(x, y, z) is the velocity of a fluid (or gas),


div F(x, y, z) represents the net rate of change
(with respect to time) of the mass of fluid (or gas) flowing from the point (x, y,
z) per unit volume.
GRADIENT VECTOR FIELDS
Another differential operator occurs when
we compute the divergence of a gradient vector field .

• If f is a function of three variables,


we have:

div  f      f 
2 f 2 f 2 f
  
x 2
y 2
z 2
CURL
F
i j k
  

x y z
P Q R
 R Q   P R   Q P 
   i   j    k
 y z   z x   x y 
 curl F
CURL
Thus, the easiest way to remember Definition 1 is by
means of the symbolic expression

curl F    F
CURL i j k
  
curl F    F 
x y z
xz xyz  y2
   
   y 2
   xyz  i
 y z 
       
  y 2
 xz  j    xyz    xz  k
 x z   x y 
  2 y  xy  i   0  x  j   yz  0  k
  y  2  x  i  x j  yz k
GRADIENT VECTOR FIELDS
By Clairaut’s Theorem, i j k
  
curl  f     f  
x y z
f f f
x y z
 2 f 2 f   2 f 2 f 
   i   j
 y z z y   z x x z 
 2 f 2 f 
   k
 x y y x 
 0i  0 j 0k  0
CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS

A conservative vector field is one for which F  f

So, Theorem 3 can be rephrased as:

If F is conservative, then curl F = 0.

• This gives us a way of verifying that


a vector field is not conservative.
CONSERVATIVE VECTOR FIELDS
Example
Show that the vector field
F(x, y, z) = xz i + xyz j – y2 k
is not conservative.

• In Example 1, we showed that:


curl F = –y(2 + x) i + x j + yz k

• This shows that curl F ≠ 0.

• So, by Theorem 3, F is not conservative.


F = 0 (IRROTATIONAL CURL)
If curl F = 0 at a point P, the fluid is free
from rotations at P.

F is called irrotational at P.

• That is, there is no whirlpool or eddy at P.


LINE INTEGRAL

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REFERENCES
TEXTBOOKS:
• 1. E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley,10th Ed.2011., New Delhi
• 2. H.K. Dass, Higher Engineering Mathematics, S Chand Publishers, 3rd revised edition, 2014.
• 3. R.K. Jain, and S.R.K. Iyengar, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 3rd Edition, Narosa Publishing House, 2004, New
Delhi.

Reference Material:
• 1. B.V. Ramana Advanced Engineering Mathematics, McGraw Hill, July 2006, New Delhi.
• 2. B. Thomas and, R.L., Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Pearson Education, 11thEdition.
• 3. N.P. Bali and Manish Goyal, Atextbook of Engineering Mathematics, Laxmi Publications, Reprint, 2008

Suggestive Readings :
• A Textbook Of Engineering Mathematics (PTU, Jalandhar) Sem-II by Usha Paul N. P. Bali (z-lib.org).pdf
• E. Kreyszig, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, John Wiley,10th Ed.2011., New Delhi - Bing
• R.K. Jain, and S.R.K. Iyengar, Advanced Engineering Mathematics, 3rd Edition, Narosa
Publishing House, 2004, New Delhi - Bing
• B.V. Ramana Advanced Engineering Mathematics, McGraw Hill, July 2006, New Delhi. - Bing
• A Textbook Of Engineering Mathematics (PTU, Jalandhar) Sem-II by Usha Paul N. P. Bali (z-lib.org).pdf
• B. Thomas and, R.L., Finney, Calculus and Analytic Geometry, Pearson Education, 11th Edition - Bing
THANK YOU

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