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GM - Chapter 16

The document discusses various theories of motivation including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ERG theory, Herzberg's two-factor theory, McClelland's acquired needs theory, goal setting theory, equity theory, expectancy theory, reinforcement theory, social learning theory, and empowerment. It also covers job design, motivational compensation programs, and engaging employees.

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Phyo Aung Hein
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58 views27 pages

GM - Chapter 16

The document discusses various theories of motivation including Maslow's hierarchy of needs, ERG theory, Herzberg's two-factor theory, McClelland's acquired needs theory, goal setting theory, equity theory, expectancy theory, reinforcement theory, social learning theory, and empowerment. It also covers job design, motivational compensation programs, and engaging employees.

Uploaded by

Phyo Aung Hein
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chapter 16

Motivating Employees
The Concept of Motivation

• Motivation - the arousal, direction, and


persistence of behavior
• Forces either intrinsic or extrinsic to a person
that arouse enthusiasm and persistence
• Employee motivation affects productivity
• A manager’s job is to channel motivation toward
the accomplishment of goals
– To find the right combination of motivational
techniques & rewards 2
16.1 A Simple Model of Motivation

3
Content Perspectives on Motivation

If managers understand employees’ needs, they


can design appropriate reward systems
 Needs motivate people
 Needs translate into an internal drive that motivates
behavior
 People have a variety of needs

4
16.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

5
ERG Theory by Clayton Alderfer

 Existence needs - the needs for physical well-being


 Relatedness needs - the needs for satisfactory
relationships with others
 Growth needs - the needs that focus on the
development of human potential and the desire for
personal growth
frustration–regression principle: failure to meet a
high-order need may cause a regression to an already
satisfied lower-order need

6
16.3 The Motivational Benefits of Job Flexibility

7
16.4 Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

DQ – What is a manager’s role from the Herzberg Model perspective?


McClelland’s Acquired Needs Theory

Certain types of needs are acquired or learned


during an individual’s lifetime. People are not born
with these needs, but may learn them through life
experiences

 Need for achievement


 Need for affiliation
 Need for power
9
Process Perspectives on Motivation

• To explain how employees select behaviors


with which to meet their needs and
determine if their choices were successful
Goal Setting Theory
Equity Theory
Expectancy Theory

Copyright ©2012 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 10


Process Theories –
Goal Setting Theory
• Increase motivation by setting goals - Specific,
challenging goals increase motivation and performance
when the goals are accepted by subordinates who
receive feedback to indicate progress toward goal
achievement
• Key components of the Goal Setting Theory:
– Goal specificity
– Goal difficulty
– Goal acceptance
– Feedback
Process Theories –
Equity Theory by J. Stacy Adams

• Individual perceptions of fairness – how fairly


treated relative to others
• Perceived inequity can be reduced by:
» Changing work effort
» Changing outcomes
» Changing perception
» Leaving the job
• Inequity occurs when the input-to-outcome
ratios are out of balance
12
Process Theories –
Expectancy Theory by Victor Vroom
• Motivation depends on individuals’ expectations
about their ability to perform tasks and receive
desired rewards
• E – P: putting effort into a given task will lead to
high performance
• P – O: successful performance of a task will lead to
the desired outcome
• Valence – the value or attraction an individual has
for an outcome
13
16.5 Major Elements of Expectancy Theory
Reinforcement Perspective
on Motivation

Behavior Modification Reinforcement


Reinforcement theory An act that causes a
techniques used to behavior to be
modify behavior repeated or inhibited

Law of Effect
Positive Reinforcement
Positively reinforced
Pleasant and rewarding
behavior tends to be
consequences
repeated and
following a desired
unreinforced behavior
behavior
inhibited
15
16.6 Changing Behavior with Reinforcement
Social Learning Theory

Individual’s motivation can result from thoughts,


beliefs, and observations
– Vicarious learning – observational learning from
seeing others’ behaviors and rewards

– Self-reinforcement – motivating yourself by reaching


goals and providing positive reinforcement for yourself

– Self-efficacy – belief about your own ability to


accomplish tasks
Copyright ©2012 by South-Western, a division of Cengage Learning. All rights reserved. 17
Job Design for Motivation

 Job Simplification
 Job Rotation
 Job Enlargement
 Job Enrichment

18
16.7 The Job Characteristics Model
Core Job Dimensions

Dimensions that determine a


job’s motivational potential:
Based on:

 Skill variety → Critical Psychological


States
 Task identity
→ Personal and Work
 Task significance Outcomes
 Autonomy → Employee Growth-
Need Strength
 Feedback
20
Innovative Ideas for Motivating

• Organizations are using various types of incentive


compensation to motivate employees to higher
levels of performance
• Variable compensation is a key motivational tool
• Incentive plans can backfire
– They should be combined with motivational ideas and
intrinsic rewards
• Incentives should reward the desired behavior
16.8 New Motivational Compensation Programs
Empowering People to Meet Higher Needs

 Employees receive information about company


performance
 Employees have knowledge and skills to contribute
to company goals
 Employees have the power to make substance
decisions
 Employees are rewarded based on company
performance
23
16.9 A Continuum of Empowerment
Giving Meaning to Work through Engagement

• Instill a sense of support and meaning


• Help employees obtain intrinsic reward
• Focus on learning, contribution, and growth
Discussion Questions

• Define motivation.
• Explain the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.
• Identify and describe content theories of motivation based on employee needs.
• Identify and explain process theories of motivation.
• Describe the reinforcement perspective.
• Describe how the reinforcement perspective can be used to motivate employees.
• Explain social learning theory.
• Explain vicarious learning.
• Explain self-reinforcement.
• Explain self-efficacy.
• Discuss major approaches to job design and how job design influences motivation.
• Explain how empowerment heightens employee motivation.
• Identify three elements of employee engagement and describe some ways
managers can create a work environment that promotes engagement.
Discussion Questions (in progress)

• What is the manager’s role from the Herzberg Model perspective?

27

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