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Wa0001

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dureaymen67
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Biophysics

BS- SPRING-2024 Lecture No.10

Dr. Abdul Jabbar

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS MUST, MIRPUR-10250 (AJK), PAKISTAN


VAPOR AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE

 colligative properties, that deal with the thermodynamic effects of the


addition of small amounts of solutes to a solvent.
 The effect is similar to ideal gas, because the individual solute
molecules do not interact with each other.
 Before we consider the effects of solute molecules on the properties of a
liquid, we need to first briefly discuss thermal effects at a boundary
surface of a pure fluid, such as water.
 Imagine a cup of warm water exposed to air at room temperature.
Cont-----

Because the water molecules move about with a distribution of velocities,


those with rapid velocities that reach the surface may have sufficient
energy to escape from the liquid surface, entering the gas phase in a
process known as evaporation.
As only the most energetic molecules escape from the surface, the
remaining water molecules have a lower average energy and the water
thus cools by evaporation. We note here that this process is responsible
for cooling our bodies by evaporation when we sweat.
Contin..

If a thermos bottle is partially filled with warm water and sealed so that no
heat vis lost to the outside, the water molecules will evaporate until eventually
an equilibrium is reached in which the number of molecules evaporating from
the surface equals the number of gas molecules that collide with the water
surface, giving up most of their energy and condensing to the liquid phase.
At this point the pressure of the gas phase is known as the equilibrium (or
saturated) vapor pressure. The value of this pressure depends only on the
temperature of the liquid, and not on the volume above its surface. A larger
volume would cause more evaporation to occur but would arrive at the same
final equilibrium vapor pressure.
Continue

Quantitatively, for dilute solutions it is found that the vapor pressure decreases according
to Raoult’s law,

P = XP0

where P0 is the vapor pressure of pure solvent and X is the mole fraction (fraction of
total number of moles) of the solvent.
Osmotic pressure

 Another colligative property, particularly important in biology, is osmotic pressure.

 Osmotic pressure is a solution phenomenon quite akin to vapor pressure. We have


seen that a decreased vapor pressure occurs at an air–solution boundary because the
solute is not volatile.

 An analogous situation can occur in solution if there is a semipermeable membrane


present that allows water to freely pass through but has pores too small to allow a
solute to penetrate. The membrane acts as if it were the air–solution interface.
Cont….

To give a more concrete example, consider the situation when a


sealed semipermeable membrane (not unlike that used to encase
sausage or hot dogs) containing a protein solution is immersed in
pure water.
The membrane allows the exchange of water but keeps larger
proteins from leaving. Because the water inside the
tube is at a lower concentration than the pure water outside, its
pressure is decreased somewhat, just as the vapor pressure would
be.
As a result water enters the membrane and it swells until reaching
an equilibrium at which the water pressure is the same across the
membrane (analogous to equilibrium vapor pressure).
Osmosis

 The osmotic pressure is defined as the pressure difference across the membrane
at equilibrium and can be shown to satisfy

where n is the number of moles of protein, V is the volume of the solution within the
membrane, and the protein is assumed to be dilute. This equation, known as the van’t
Hoff law for osmotic pressure, is just the ideal gas law that surprisingly works in the
dilute solution case because the ideal noninteracting proteins behave as an ideal gas
within the water.
Osmosis

 The flow of water due to osmotic pressure differences is known as osmosis.


 The swelling that occurred in our example is a process that occurs in biology and
is known as osmotic shock.
 Cells immersed in a solution with lower ion content (hypotonic) will swell,
leading eventually to a rupture of the cell membrane. Such a process is commonly
used in biochemistry to disrupt cells. (It is precisely the same phenomenon that
swells hot dogs in boiling water causing them to split open.)#
 There are a number of other important applications of osmosis in biology and
medicine; we discuss two of them here, namely dialysis in the laboratory and the
functioning of the kidneys, including kidney dialysis.
Dialysis

 The flow of water due to osmotic pressure differences is known as osmosis.


 The swelling that occurred in our example is a process that occurs in biology and
is known as osmotic shock.
 Cells immersed in a solution with lower ion content (hypotonic) will swell,
leading eventually to a rupture of the cell membrane. Such a process is commonly
used in biochemistry to disrupt cells. (It is precisely the same phenomenon that
swells hot dogs in boiling water causing them to split open.)#
 There are a number of other important applications of osmosis in biology and
medicine; we discuss two of them here, namely dialysis in the laboratory and the
functioning of the kidneys, including kidney dialysis.
Thanks
PHY-1203 Enthalpy and Free Energy
BS Nursing Lecture No. 5

Dr. Abdul Jabbar

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS MUST, MIRPUR-10250 (AJK), PAKISTAN


Introduction to Enthalpy and Gibbs Free
Energy

Compression of gas by a spring. The direction of increasing δ is to the left. (a) Thermally isolated system. (b)
Subsystem in contact with a heat reservoir, at temperature T. The slab on the bottom of (b) conducts heat, whereas
the walls around the box in both panels (hatched) are thermally insulating. In each case the chamber on the right
(with the spring) contains no gas; only the spring opposes gas pressure from the left side.
Enthalpy

 Enthalpy is the heat content of a system. The enthalpy change of a reaction is roughly
equivalent to the amount of energy lost or gained during the reaction. A reaction is
favoured if the enthalpy of the system decreases over the reaction.
Equation: ΔH = H(final) - H(initial)
H=E+PV
Gas+Spring=a, its volume is constant, B=thermal reservoir
Combined system a+B= isloated from the rest of the world
Gibbs Free Energy & Enthalpy

 Defined as: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

 Measures the energy available to do work at constant temperature and pressure-

 Units: kJ/mol- Negative ΔG indicates a spontaneous process

 Defined as: H = U + pV

 Measures the total energy of a system- Units: kJ/mol- Enthalpy change (ΔH) indicates
the heat absorbed or released during a process
Factors Affecting Gibbs Free Energy

TEMPERATURE, ENTROPY AND EQUILIBRIUM K


Although ΔG is temperature dependent, it's generally okay to assume that the ΔH
and ΔS values are independent of temperature as long as the reaction does not
involve a phase change. That means that if we know ΔH and ΔS, we can use
those values to calculate Δ G at any temperature.
The equilibrium value can be calculated by setting ΔG = 0 when equilibrium has
been established. • Gibbs free energy and K, the equilibrium constant, can be used
to determine the progress of a reaction.
Relationship b/w Gibbs Free Energy &
Enthalpy

 ΔG and ΔH are related but distinct quantities-

 ΔG takes into account both enthalpy and entropy changes, while ΔH only considers
enthalpy changes

 Free energy and enthalpy are used in:

 Chemical reaction spontaneity and equilibrium -

 Phase transitions and equilibrium - Biological systems and metabolic pathways


Relationship between
Gibbs Free energy and
Sponteinty
 If ΔG < 0, the reaction is
spontaneous in the forward
direction.
 f ΔG > 0, the reaction is
non-spontaneous in the
forward direction, but
spontaneous in the reverse
direction.
 The sign of ΔG provides
information on the
spontaneity of a given
reaction.
Conclusions

Free energy and enthalpy are essential concepts in


thermodynamics, providing insights into energy transformations
and system behavior.-
Understanding these concepts is crucial for describing and
predicting various natural phenomena and technological
applications.

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