BEEI 3413

POWER ELECTRONICS
DR. FARID ARAFAT BIN AZIDIN
OFFICE : BP FTK 54 (GREEN BUILDING 7 th
FLOOR)
TELEPHONE : 016-2408054
PREPARED BY: PREVIOUS LECTURERS FROM
FTK
UPDATED : DR. FARID ARAFAT AZIDIN
 CHAPTER 3:

DC TO DC CONVERTER
CHOPPERS
 Overview
• Non Isolating Converter – is used where voltage needs to be stepped up or down in relative
small ratio where there is no problem with input and output having no dielectric isolation.
• Buck converter
• Boost converter
• Buck-Boost converter
• Isolating converter –input and output voltage need a DC isolation like in off-line power
supply or Switched-mode power supply (SMPS)
- fly back converter
- forward converter
- bridge converter
 DEFINITION
DEFINITION:
Converting the unregulated DC input to a controlled DC output with a desired voltage
level.

• General block diagram:

Applications:

• High-frequency switched-mode power supply (SMPS),

• DC motor control (traction, forklift, electric vehicles, trams, battery chargers, capacitor chargers)
 Linear Regulator
• Transistor is operated in linear (active)
mode.
• Output voltage:

• The transistor can be conveniently

modeled by an equivalent variable
resistor, as shown.

• Power loss is high at high current due to:

 Switching Regulator
Transistor is operated in switched-mode:
 Switch closed: Fully on (saturated)
 Switch opened: Fully off (cut-off)

 When switch is open, no current flow in it

 When switch is closed no voltage drop
across it.

Since P=V.I, no losses occurs in the

switch.
 Power is 100% transferred from source
to load.
 Power loss is zero (for ideal switch):

 Switching regulator is the basis of all

DC-DC converters
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 Buck (Step-Down) Converter

 Duty cycle D:
 0≤D≤1
 complement
D:
 D´ = 1 - D

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 Switch is turned on (closed)

• Diode is reversed biased.

• Switch conducts inductor current
• This results in positive inductor voltage,
i.e:

• It causes linear
increase in the
inductor current
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 Switch turned off (opened)

• Because of inductive
energy storage, iL continues to flow.
• Diode is forward biased
• Current now flows (freewheeling) through the
diode.
• The inductor voltage can be derived as:

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Analysis

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Analysis

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 Steady-state Operation
+ L -
Realization using
iL(t) ic(t)
VL(t)
power MOSFET
D1 R
Vg +- +
and diode t
DTs Ts

Unstable

Steady-state
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Average, Maximum and Minimum Inductor Current

Average inductor current = Average current in RL

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 Continuous Current Mode (CCM)

From previous analysis,

For continuous operation,

This is the minimum inductor
current to ensure continuous mode
of operation. Normally L is chosen
to be >> Lmin
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Output Voltage Ripple

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Output Voltage Ripple

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 Basic Design Procedures

• Calculate D to obtain required output voltage.

• Select a particular switching frequency (f) and device
– preferably f >20 kHz for negligible acoustic noise
– higher fs results in smaller L and C. But results in higher
losses.
Reduced efficiency, larger heat sink.
– Possible devices: MOSFET, IGBT and BJT. Low power 17

MOSFET
• Calculate Lmin. Choose L >>10 Lmin
• Calculate C for ripple factor requirement.
– Capacitor ratings:
• must withstand peak output voltage
• must carry required RMS current. Note RMS current for
triangular waveform is Ip/3, where Ip is the peak capacitor current given by iL/2.
• Electrolytic Capacitors (E-CAPs) can be used.
• Wire size consideration:
– Normally rated in RMS. But iL is known as peak. RMS value
for iL is given as:
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 Examples
Question 1.
A buck converter has an input voltage of 12 V. The required average output
voltage is 5 V and peak-to-peak output ripple voltage is 20 mV. The switching
frequency is 25 kHz. If the peak-to-peak ripple current of inductor is limited to
0.8 A, determine
i. duty ratio, D
ii. filter inductance, L
iii. output filter capacitor, C
(0.42, 148 mH, 197 uF)
Question 2.
A buck converter is supplied from a 50V battery source. Given L = 400 μH,
C=100 μF, R=20 , f =20 kHz and D = 0.4. Calculate:
(a) output voltage
(b) maximum and minimum inductor current,
(c) output voltage ripple. 19
 Examples
Question 3.
A buck converter has an input voltage of 50V and output of 25 V. The
switching frequency is 10KHz. The power output is 125 W.
(a) Determine the duty cycle,
(b) value of L to limit the peak inductor current to 6.25 A,
(c) value of capacitance to limit the output voltage ripple
factor to 0.5 %.

Question 4.
Design a buck converter such that the output voltage is 28 V when the input
is 48V. The load is 8 . Design the converter such that it will be in
continuous current mode.
The output voltage ripple must not be more than 0.5 %.
Specify the frequency and the values of each component.
Suggest the power switch also. 20
 Buck Converter Conclusion
• The output voltage may be controlled by the duty-ratio, but
cannot be larger than input voltage
• The voltage conversion ratio depends solely on duty-ratio, and
is independent of load condition
• The capacitor ripple current is independent of load current
• The off-state voltage across device is supply voltage

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Boost (step-up) converter

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Boost Analysis: Switch Closed

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Boost Analysis: Switch Opened

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 Steady-state Operation

• Boost converter produces output voltage that is greater or equal to the input voltage.
• Alternative explanation:
– when switch is closed, diode is reversed. Thus output is isolated. The input supplies
energy to inductor.
– When switch is opened, the output stage receives energy from the input as well as
from the inductor. Hence output is large.
– Output voltage is maintained constant by virtue of large C.
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– The off-state voltage impressed across power device is Vo
Average, Maximum, Minimum Inductor Current

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L and C Values

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 Boost Converter Conclusion
• The output voltage is always greater or equal to the input voltage
• The voltage conversion ratio depends solely on duty-ratio, and
always greater than or equal to one
• Theoretically the output voltage tends to infinity as D tends to 1,
but in practice the maximum output voltage will be limited to
conduction loss
• The capacitor ripple current is severe and depends directly on the
load current level
• The off-state voltage impressed across device is output voltage

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 Example :
A boost converter has an input voltage of 5 V. The average output voltage is
15 V and the average load current is 0.5 A. If fs = 25kHz, L = 150 μH and C
= 220 μF, determine
(a)duty cycle (b) inductor ripple current
(c) inductor peak current (d) output ripple voltage
The boost converter has the following parameters:
Vd = 20V, D = 0.6, R = 12.5, L = 65 μH, C = 200 μF, fs= 40 kHz.
Determine
(a) output voltage, (b) average, maximum and minimum inductor current, (c)
output voltage ripple.

Design a boost converter to provide an output voltage of 36V from a 24 V

source. The load is 50 W. The voltage ripple factor must be less than 0.5%.
Specify the duty cycle ratio, switching frequency, inductor and capacitor 29
size, and power device.
Buck-boost Converter

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Buck-boost Analysis

31
Buck-boost Analysis

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 Output Voltage
Steady state operation :
NOTE:
Output of a buck-boost converter
either be higher
or lower than input.
 If D > 0.5, output is higher than
input
 If D < 0.5, output is lower input
• Output voltage is always negative.

• Note that source is never directly connected to load.

• Energy is stored in inductor when switch is closed and
transferred to load when switch is opened.
• Off-state voltage across power switch is ( Vd – Vo )
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 Average Inductor Current
Assuming no power loss in the converter,
power absorbed by the load must equal
power supplied the by source, i.e.

But average source current is related to

average inductor current as :
Substituting for Vo ,

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 L and C values

Ripple Factor, r 35
 Example :
A buck-boost converter has input voltage of 12 V. The duty cycle is 0.25 and
the switching frequency is 25 kHz. L = 150 μH and C = 220 μF. The average
load current is 1.25 A.
Determine:
(a)average output voltage
(b)peak-to-peak output voltage ripple
(c)peak-to-peak inductor ripple current
(d)peak current transistor (-4 V, 56.8 mV, 0.8 A, 2.07 A)

A buck-boost converter has the specification as follows:

Vd = 18 V, D = 0.6, fs = 40 kHz, R = 10 , L = 50 μH, C = 200 μF
Consider all components are ideal, determine
(a)output voltage
(b)average, maximum, and minimum inductor current
(-27 V, 6.75 A, 9.45 A, 4.05 A) 36
 Buck-Boost Converter
conclusion
• The voltage conversion ratio depends solely on duty-ratio and
less than unity for D < 0.5.
For D > 0.5, the conversion ratio greater than unity. The
maximum conversion ratio is limited in practice by circuit losses
• Similar to boost, the capacitor current ripple is severe and
depends on load current
• The off-state voltage impressed across the device is the sum of
supply and output voltage
• The average inductor current is the sum of average input and
output current
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Converters in CCM: Summary

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Converters in CCM: Summary

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Converters in CCM: Summary

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 Control of DC-DC Converter:
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)

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 DC-DC Converter Control

• Purpose of control:
To regulate the output
voltage so that it is
maintained within a
specified tolerance band
(e.g. 2% of output DC
voltage)

• Basic block diagram for

converter control

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 Isolated DC-DC Converter
• Isolated DC-DC requires isolation transformer
• Two types: Linear and Switched-mode Power Supply (SMPS)
• Advantages of switched mode over linear power supply
-Efficient (70 – 95%)
-Weight and size reduction
• Disadvantages
-Complex design
-EMI problems
• However above certain ratings, SMPS is the only feasible choice
• Types of SMPS
-Flyback
-forward
-Push-pull 43

-Bridge (half and full)

Linear and SMPS Block Diagram

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Linear and SMPS Block Diagram

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 High Frequency Transformer
Basic function:
1) Input - output electrical isolation
2) Step up/down time - varying voltage
Basic input - output
relationship

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Flyback Converter

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Operation: Switch Closed Flyback Converter

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Operation: Switch Closed Flyback Converter

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 Operation: Switch Opened Flyback Converter

Current flows in different

direction at the Primary..

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Operation: Switch Opened Flyback Converter

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 Output Voltage Flyback Converter

 Input output relationship is similar to buck-boost converter.

 Output can be greater of less than input, depending upon D.
 Additional term, i.e. transformer ratio is present.
 Positive output voltage polarity
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Flyback Waveforms

Average
Inductor
Current

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Max., Min. Inductor Current

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Max., Min. Inductor Current

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