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Chemical Reactions

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19 views31 pages

Chemical Reactions

Uploaded by

21605
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Rate of Reaction

Chemistry
0620
What is rate ?
• Rate is a measure of the change that happens in a single unit of time.
• Rate is a measure of how fast or slow something is.
Collision Theory
• Collision theory states that for a reaction to occur:
• The particles must collide with each other.
• The collision must have sufficient energy to cause a reaction i.e., enough
energy to break bonds.
• The minimum energy that colliding particles must have to react is known as
the activation energy.
• Collisions which result in a reaction are known as successful collisions.
• Unsuccessful collisions happen when the colliding species do not have
enough energy to break the necessary bonds (i.e., they collide with
energy less than the activation energy).
Successful Collisions
The number of successful collisions depends on:
The number of particles per unit volume
The frequency of collisions
The kinetic energy of the particles
Activation energy

These all have an impact on the rate of reaction which is dependent


on the number of successful collisions per unit of time
Investigating Rate of Reaction
• To find the rate of a reaction, you should measure the amount of a
reactant used up per unit of time or the amount of a product produced
per unit of time.
• Three commonly used techniques are:
measuring mass loss on a balance
measuring the volume of a gas produced
measuring a reaction where there is a colour change at the end of the reaction.
NOTE:
• You should be able to name the apparatus required for measuring the
rate of certain reaction.
Factors affecting Rate of Reaction

1. Concentration of solutions
2. Pressure of gases
3. Surface area of solids
4. Temperature
5. Catalyst
Effect of Concentration of Reacting Solution
For B
Time for Reaction Completion= 60 sec
steeper For A
Time for Reaction Completion = 120 sec

For B
Average rate = 1cm3/sec
For A
Average Rate = 0.5cm3/sec
Effect of Pressure of Reacting Gases
• The pressure only affects reactions with gases.
• An increased pressure means gas molecules are closer
together.
• This increases the collision rate and thus the reaction rate.
Effect of Temperature on Rate of Reaction
• Increasing temperature increases the rate of reaction.
• Increased temperatures lead to increased average kinetic energy of
particles.
• Particle movement produces energy greater than/equal to activation
energy; increased successful collision rate leads to an increased rate
of reaction.
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq)  2NaCl(aq) + S(s) + SO2(g) +H2O(l)
Effect of Surface Area of Reactant

• Decreasing the particle size increases the rate of reaction.


• Decreasing particle size increases surface area; more reactant
particles exposed to collide so the successful collision rate increases.
• This results in an increased rate of reaction.
Effect of Surface Area of Reactant
Effect of adding or removing a catalyst on Rate of Reaction
A catalyst is a substance that speeds p a chemical reaction, but remains
chemically unchanged itself.
Characteristics of a catalyst
• Mass at start and at the end remains the same.
• It lowers the activation energy of the reaction.
• It is selective, different reactions need different catalysts.
• The physical state of the catalyst at start and at the end may change.
• Impurities decrease the efficiency of the catalyst.
• Speed of reaction increases.
• Yield of reaction does not change. Same number of products obtained.
Catalysts are selective
Catalyst Industrial Process
Iron Haber Process, manufacture of ammonia
Platinum Manufacture of nitric acid
Nickel Hydrogenation of alkenes
Vanadium(V) oxide The Contact Process, manufacture of
the sulphuric acid
platinum/palladium Car’s catalytic converters
Aluminium oxide Cracking of alkanes
Enzymes affecting Rate of Reactions
• Enzymes are biological catalysts which speed up reactions but remain
chemically unchanged at the end.
• Enzymes function best at optimum temperature and pH level
otherwise they may denature and completely stop functioning.
Interpreting the graphs
• A graph with a steeper
gradient at the
beginning and reaching a
horizontal gradient
faster depicts a high rate
of reaction.
Evaluating Investigations of Rate of
Reactions

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