What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?

AI is the science and

engineering of making
intelligent machines, especially
intelligent computer programs
(1956).
John McCarthy
(the father of Artificial Intelligence)

 AI is a branch of computer science dealing with the simulation of intelligent behavior in

computers.
 AI is the study of how to make computers do things which, at the moment, people do
better.
 AI is, the study and design of intelligent agents where an intelligent agent is a system
that perceives its environment and takes actions.
06/01/2024 1
 Goals of AI

Artificial intelligence plays a crucial role in today's technological world,

and like any other technology, it has specific goals.
The major goals of AI are centered around:
 creating an expert system,
 reasoning, and
 implementing human-like intelligence in machines.

06/01/2024 2
Expert system
 Designed to exhibit intelligent behavior, providing assistance and advice when
presented with a query.
 Equipped with learning capabilities and can explain their reasoning
 Encourages creativity in problem-solving and decision-making

Reasoning
 Involves the codification of relationships and ideas, as well as the ability to
transition between sets of facts that can be interpreted by a computer system.
 Enables machines to process and analyze information in a logical and
systematic manner
06/01/2024 3
Implementing human-like intelligence in machines

 Involves creating machines that can understand, think, behave, and solve
problems in a manner similar to humans.

 The concept of machines expressing emotions and behaving like humans is a

fascinating aspect of AI, where machines have the ability to comprehend human
language and respond accordingly.

06/01/2024 4
To sum: the goals of AI
 Revolve around creating intelligent systems that can emulate human-like
intelligence, including expert systems, reasoning capabilities, and machines that
can understand and behave like humans.
 Revolutionizing various industries and domains is remarkable, with the ability to
solve complex problems and enhance human capabilities being a driving force
behind AI research and development.

06/01/2024 5
Introduction … cont’d

https://web.njit.edu/~ronkowit/eliza.html

06/01/2024 6
Types of AI
AI technologies are categorized by their capacity to mimic human
characteristics, the technology they use to do this, their real-world
applications, and the theory of mind, in real and hypothetical they can
classified as :
 Artificial narrow intelligence (ANI), which has a narrow range of abilities;
 Artificial general intelligence (AGI), which is nearly similarity with human
capabilities;
 Artificial superintelligence (ASI), which is more capable than a human.

06/01/2024 7
Artificial Narrow/specific Intelligence (ANI) / Weak AI / Narrow AI

 It is the type of AI that currently exists.

 Designed for specific tasks, and goal-oriented such as facial recognition,

speech recognition/voice assistants, driving a car, or searching the internet and
is very intelligent at completing the specific task it is programmed to do.

 They seem intelligent, they operate under a narrow set of constraints and
limitations, which is why this type is commonly referred to as weak AI.

 Narrow AI doesn’t mimic or replicate human intelligence, it merely simulates

human behavior based on a narrow range of parameters and contexts.

06/01/2024 8
 Cond…
Narrow AI can be classified as reactive or limited memory.

 Reactive AI is basic, lacking memory or data storage capabilities, and emulates the
human mind's ability to respond to stimuli without prior experience.

 limited memory AI is more advanced, equipped with data storage and learning
capabilities that enable machines to use historical data to inform decisions.

 Most AI systems fall under the category of limited memory AI, utilizing large
volumes of data for deep learning. Deep learning enables personalized AI
experiences, such as virtual assistants and search engines that store and utilize user
data to personalize future interactions.
06/01/2024 9
 Examples of narrow AI:

 Rank brain by Google / Google Search

 Siri by Apple, Alexa by Amazon, Cortana by Microsoft and other virtual assistants
 IBM’s Watson
 Image / facial recognition software
 Disease mapping and prediction tools
 Manufacturing and drone robots
 Email spam filters / social media monitoring tools for dangerous content
 Entertainment or marketing content recommendations based on watch/listen/purchase behavior
 Self-driving cars

06/01/2024 10
Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) / Strong AI / Deep AI

 Is the concept of a machine with general intelligence that mimics human intelligence
and/or behaviors, with the ability to learn and apply its intelligence to solve any problem.

•AGI can think, understand, and act in a way that is indistinguishable from that of a human

in any given situation.

•Strong AI uses a theory of mind AI framework, which refers to the ability to discern

needs, emotions, beliefs and thought processes of other intelligent entitles.

•Theory of mind level AI is not about replication or simulation, it’s about training

machines to truly understand humans.

06/01/2024 11
Artificial Superintelligence (ASI)
 It is the hypothetical AI that doesn’t just mimic or understand human
intelligence and behavior; ASI is where machines become self-aware and
surpass the capacity of human intelligence and ability.

 Superintelligence has long been the muse of dystopian science fiction in

which robots overrun, overthrow, and/or enslave humanity.

 The concept of artificial superintelligence sees AI evolve to be so akin to

human emotions and experiences, that it doesn’t just understand them, it
evokes emotions, needs, beliefs and desires of its own.
06/01/2024 12
Approaches to AI
Approaches to AI can be organized into four categories.

 Systems that think like humans.

 Systems that act like humans.

 Systems that think rationally.

 Systems that act rationally.

 A human-centered approach must be in part an empirical science, involving observations and

hypotheses about human behavior.

 A rationalist approach involves a combination of mathematics and engineering. The various group has
both disparaged and helped each other.

06/01/2024 13
Act Humanly: The Turing Test Approach

 Acting Humanly: The Turing Test proposed by Alan Turing (1950)

 A Turing Test is a method of inquiry for determining whether or not
a computer is capable of thinking like a human being.
 The interrogator job is to try and figure out which one is human and
which one is computer by asking questions to both of them.
 The computer would try to remain indistinguishable from human as
much as possible

The computer would need to possess the following capabilities:

Natural Language Processing (NLP) to enable it to communicate successfully in English;

Knowledge Representation to store what it knows or hears;

Automated Reasoning to use the stored information to answer questions and draw new

conclusions;
06/01/2024 14
 Approches ….cont’d
Act Like Humans: The Turing Test approach

• To be intelligent, a program should simply act like a human

• Alan Turing Test (Operational test for intelligent behavior: the
Imitation Game)
• Indistinguishability from undeniably intelligent entities-human
beings.
• Capabilities needed (Suggested Major Components of AI)
• Natural Language Processing -successful communication
• Knowledge representation -store what it knows or hears
• Automated reasoning -Answer questions and make conclusions
• Machine learning-adaptation, detect and extrapolate patterns
• Computer vision-perceive objects
• Robotics-manipulate objects and move about
• Researchers have not devoted much (creating flying objects did not
fool pigeons)
06/01/2024 15
 Approches….cont’d
• Think Like Humans: The cognitive modeling approach
• Involves cognitive modeling
• If we are going to say that a given program thinks like a human, we
must have some way of determining how humans think. We need
to get inside the actual workings of human minds (sufficiently
precise theory of the mind)
• The human thinking process is difficult to understand:
• how does the mind raises from the brain ?
• Think also about unconscious tasks such as vision and speech
understanding, reflex action
• Humans are not perfect !
• We make a lot of systemic mistakes

06/01/2024 16
 Views ….cont’d
• Think Rationally : the laws of thought
• Instead of thinking like a human , think rationally
• Find out how correct thinking must proceed
• Syllogism: “Socrates is a man; all men are mortal, therefore
Socrates is mortal.”
• These laws of thought were supposed to govern the operation of
the mind; their study initiated the field called logic
• A traditional and important branch of mathematics and computer science.
• Problem:
• It is not always possible to model thought as a set of rules; sometimes there
is uncertainty.
• Even when a modeling is available, the complexity of the problem may be
too large to allow for a solution.
06/01/2024 17
Approches ….cont’d
• Act Rationally: The rational agent approach
• An agent is an entity that perceives and acts.
• Rational agent: acts as to achieve the best outcome or, when there
is uncertainty, the best expected outcome.
• Logical thinking is only one aspect of appropriate behavior:
reactions like getting your hand out of a hot place is not the result
of a careful deliberation, yet it is clearly rational.
• Sometimes there is no correct way to do, yet something must be
done.
• Instead of insisting on how the program should think, there fore it
is better to insist on how the program should act: caring only
about the final result (goal).
06/01/2024 18
To sum up :

06/01/2024 19
 Foundations of Artificial Intelligence
Philosophy Knowledge Rep., Logic, Foundation of AI (is AI possible?)
Mathematics Search, Analysis of search algos., logic
Economics Expert Systems, Decision Theory, Principles of Rational
Behavior
Psychology Behaviorist insights into AI programs
Brain Science Learning, Neural Nets
(Neuroscience)
Physics Learning, Information Theory & AI, Entropy, Robotics,
Image Processing
Computer Engg. Systems for AI
Linguistics Natural Language Processing(NLP), Speech Recognition,
Computational Linguistics, Knowledge Representation,
Expert systems, etc

06/01/2024 20
Foundation of AI

06/01/2024 21
 Foundation Cond…

06/01/2024 22
History of AI

06/01/2024 23
AI Application areas
A concise answer is difficult, because there are so many activities in so many
subfields.
 Autonomous planning and scheduling
 Game playing (person Garry Kasparov, etc)
 Autonomous control
 Diagnosis
 Logistics Planning
 Robotics
 Language understanding and problem solving

06/01/2024 24
Some Achievements
 Computers have won over world champions in several
games, including Checkers, Othello, and Chess, but still do
not do well in Go
 AI techniques are used in many systems: formal calculus,
video games, route planning, logistics planning,
pharmaceutical drug design, medical diagnosis, hardware and
software trouble-shooting, speech recognition, traffic
monitoring, facial recognition,
medical image analysis, part
inspection, etc...

 Stanford’s robotic car, Stanley, autonomously traversed 132

miles of desert
 Some industries (automobile, electronics) are highly
robotized,
while other robots perform brain
and heart surgery, are rolling
on Mars, fly autonomously, …,
but home robots still remain
a thing of the future
06/01/2024 25
 Some…cont’d
 AI (especially, the “rational agent” approach) assumes that
intelligent behaviors are based on information processing? Is this a
valid assumption?

 If yes, can the human brain machinery solve problems that are
inherently intractable for computers?

 In a human being, where is the interface between “intelligence”

and the rest of “human nature”, e.g.:
 How does intelligence relate to emotions felt?
 What does it mean for a human to “feel” that he/she understands something?
 Is this interface critical to intelligence? Can there exist a general
theory of intelligence independent of human beings? What is the
role of the human body?

06/01/2024 26
 Some…cont’d
 AI contributes to building an information processing model of
human beings, just as Biochemistry contributes to building a model
of human beings based on bio-molecular interactions
 Both try to explain how a human being operates
 Both also explore ways to avoid human imperfections (in Biochemistry, by
engineering new proteins and drug molecules; in AI, by designing rational
reasoning methods)
 Both try to produce new useful technologies

 Neither explains (yet?) the true meaning of being human

06/01/2024 27
 Thank you !

06/01/2024 28