Electron & Neutron Diffraction
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zeex60Electron & Neutron Diffraction
Uploaded by
zeex60Electron Diffraction And Neutron
Diffraction
By
ENGR. ZEESHAN SYED
M.Phil PHYSICS
UNIVERSITY OF CHENAB
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CONTENTS
• INTRODUCTION
• PRINCIPLE
• INSTRUMENTATION
• WORKING
• APPLICATION
• ADVANTAGES
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What is diffraction?
• An interaction between a wave of any kind
and an object of any kind.
When collimated beam of electron waves strikes pair of parallel
lattice planes in a crystal,each atom act as a scattering centre
and emits secondary waves .All of the secondary waves
interfere with each other to produce diffracted beam
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TYPES OF DIFFRACTION
X-RAY DIFFRACTION
ELECTRON DIFFRACTION
NEUTRON DIFFRACTION
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BASIC PRINCIPLE
Bragg’s law of diffraction:
When bragg’s law is satisfied, reflected beams are in phase and interfere
constructively to produce diffraction patterns
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How X-ray Differs From Electron Waves?
As Louis De-broglie predicted that wave properties should
also be associated with moving electrons and hence the
wavelength associated with the electrons are given by
ƛ=
v depends on potential difference(p.d)
For 10 to 10,000 volts ƛ varies between 3.89 to 0.12Ǻ hence
such electrons act as X-Ray towards crystal. 10,000 to 40,000
volts applied to get high speed electrons to be used in
diffraction
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INSTRUMENTATION
• It consists mainly of electron gun target and
luminescent screen
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WORKING
It involves generation of electrons by a hot filament,
made accelerated by applying p.d of about 40,000
volts, passage of electrons passing through the
sample
As a result it get diffracted and the effect is seen on
the fluorescent screen in the form of concentric rings
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ELECTRON DIFFRACTION PATTERNS
Mosaic single crystal Plate like texture Polycrystal
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GRAPHICAL PLOT
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GRAPHICAL PLOT
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APPLICATIONS
• It is used to investigate the nature of solid surfaces and surface films.
• It has its own importance in studying the surface structures of thin
films.
• Particularly this technique is more effective for gases and vapours for
measuring the bond distances and bond angles.
• It also gives information about electron distribution in the given
sample.
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ADVANTAGES OVER X-RAY
• Being less penetrate than X-Rays , their interaction with the
surface level is more intimate.
• In electron diffraction the intensity of diffraction pattern is
high and so only very short exposure times are necessary when
compared to that of X-rays
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NEUTRON DIFFRACTION
• Neutron diffraction is the application of neutron scattering to
the determination of the atomic structure of the material.
• When a beam of neutrons emanating from a reactor is slowed
down and selected properly by their speed, their wavelength
lies near one angstrom (0.1 nanometer), the typical separation
between atoms in a solid material. Such a beam can then be
used to perform a diffraction experiment.
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INSTRUMENTATION
It consists mainly of neutron source, monochromator and
detector.
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WORKING
• The technique requires a source of neutrons. Neutrons are
usually produced in a nuclear reactor or spallation source.
• At a research reactor, other components are needed, including
a crystal monochromators, as well as filters to select the
desired neutron wavelength.
• Sample requirement: Single crystal work is also possible, but
the crystals must be much larger than those that are used in
single-crystal X-ray crystallography.
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TYPES OF SCATTERING
Nuclear scattering
Magnetic scattering
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NUCLEAR SCATTERING
• Nuclear scattering is due to the interaction of neutrons with atomic
nuclei
• Neutrons interact directly with the nucleus of the atom, and the
contribution to the diffracted intensity depends on each isotope; for
example, regular hydrogen and deuterium contribute differently.
• It is also often the case that light (low Z) atoms contribute strongly
to the diffracted intensity, even in the presence of large Z atoms.
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MAGNETIC SCATTERING
• Although neutrons are uncharged, they carry a magnetic moment,
and therefore interact with magnetic moments, including those
arising from the electron cloud around an atom.
• Neutron diffraction can therefore reveal the microscopic magnetic
structure of a material.
• Magnetic scattering requires an atomic form factor as it is caused
by the much larger electron cloud around the tiny nucleus.
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Graphical plot
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APPLICATIONS
• Used for locating light atoms
• Used for detecting isotopes of same atomic number
• Neutron activation analysis (NAA) is a nuclear process used
for determining the concentrations of elements in a vast
amount of materials.
• Highly penetrating: Measure bulk properties can benefit
from large samples.
• Main advantage is to study the magnetic properties of the
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compounds comprised of transition metal series.
Neutron diffraction Electron diffraction
`
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REFERENCES
• Introduction to advanced inorganic chemistry by
P.J.DURRANT and B.DURRANT
• Solid state chemistry by R.WEST and ANTHONY
• Wikipedia-diffraction techniques
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