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SQL-4 A

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11 views

SQL-4 A

Uploaded by

Lopamudra Mohanty
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER

SCIENCE
ABES ENGINEERING
COLLEGE,GHAZIABAD

DBMS SQL
Writing SQL Basic SELECT Statement

After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:


• List the capabilities of SQL SELECT statements
• Execute a basic SELECT statement
• Differentiate between SQL statements and SQL*Plus commands
​
Capabilities of SQL SELECT Statements

Selection Projection

Table 1 Table 1
Join

Table 1 Table 2
Basic SELECT Statement

SELECT
SELECT [DISTINCT]
[DISTINCT] {*,
{*, column
column [alias],...}
[alias],...}
FROM
FROM table;
table;

• SELECT identifies what columns.


• FROM identifies which table.
Writing SQL Statements

• SQL statements are not case sensitive.


• SQL statements can be on one or
more lines.
• Keywords cannot be abbreviated or split across lines.
• Clauses are usually placed on separate lines.
• Tabs and indents are used to enhance readability.
Selecting All Columns

SQL> SELECT *
2 FROM dept;

DEPTNO DNAME LOC


--------- -------------- -------------
10 ACCOUNTING NEW YORK
20 RESEARCH DALLAS
30 SALES CHICAGO
40 OPERATIONS BOSTON
Selecting Specific Columns

SQL> SELECT deptno, loc


2 FROM dept;

DEPTNO LOC
--------- -------------
10 NEW YORK
20 DALLAS
30 CHICAGO
40 BOSTON
Column Heading Defaults

• Default justification
– Left: Date and character data
– Right: Numeric data
• Default display: Uppercase
Arithmetic Expressions

Create expressions on NUMBER and DATE data by


using arithmetic operators.

Operator Description

+ Add

- Subtract

* Multiply

/ Divide
Using Arithmetic Operators

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, sal+300


2 FROM emp;

ENAME SAL SAL+300


---------- --------- ---------
KING 5000 5300
BLAKE 2850 3150
CLARK 2450 2750
JONES 2975 3275
MARTIN 1250 1550
ALLEN 1600 1900
...
14 rows selected.
Operator Precedence

_
* / +
• Multiplication and division take priority over
addition and subtraction.
• Operators of the same priority are evaluated
from left to right.
• Parentheses are used to force prioritized
evaluation and to clarify statements.
Operator Precedence

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 12*sal+100


2 FROM emp;

ENAME SAL 12*SAL+100


---------- --------- ----------
KING 5000 60100
BLAKE 2850 34300
CLARK 2450 29500
JONES 2975 35800
MARTIN 1250 15100
ALLEN 1600 19300
...
14 rows selected.
Using Parentheses

SQL> SELECT ename, sal, 12*(sal+100)


2 FROM emp;

ENAME SAL 12*(SAL+100)


---------- --------- -----------
KING 5000 61200
BLAKE 2850 35400
CLARK 2450 30600
JONES 2975 36900
MARTIN 1250 16200
...
14 rows selected.
Defining a Null Value

• A null is a value that is unavailable, unassigned,


unknown, or inapplicable.
• A null is not the same as zero or a blank space.
SQL> SELECT ename, job, comm
2 FROM emp;

ENAME JOB COMM


---------- --------- ---------
KING PRESIDENT
BLAKE MANAGER
...
TURNER SALESMAN 0
...
14 rows selected.
Null Values
in Arithmetic Expressions

Arithmetic expressions containing a null value


evaluate to null.
SQL> select ename, 12*sal+comm
2 from emp
3 WHERE ename='KING';

ENAME 12*SAL+COMM
---------- -----------
KING
Defining a Column Alias

• Renames a column heading


• Is useful with calculations
• Immediately follows column name; optional AS keyword
between column name and alias
• Requires double quotation marks if it contains spaces or
special characters or is case sensitive
Using Column Aliases

SQL> SELECT ename AS name, sal salary


2 FROM emp;

NAME SALARY
------------- ---------
...

SQL> SELECT ename "Name",


2 sal*12 "Annual Salary"
3 FROM emp;

Name Annual Salary


------------- -------------
...
Concatenation Operator

• Concatenates columns or character strings to other columns


• Is represented by two vertical bars (||)
• Creates a resultant column that is a character expression
Using the Concatenation Operator

SQL> SELECT ename||job AS "Employees"


2 FROM emp;

Employees
-------------------
KINGPRESIDENT
BLAKEMANAGER
CLARKMANAGER
JONESMANAGER
MARTINSALESMAN
ALLENSALESMAN
...
14 rows selected.
Literal Character Strings

• A literal is a character, expression, or number included in


the SELECT list.
• Date and character literal values must be enclosed within
single quotation marks.
• Each character string is output once for each row returned.
Using Literal Character Strings

SQL> SELECT ename ||' '||'is a'||' '||job


2 AS "Employee Details"
3 FROM emp;

Employee
Employee Details
Details
-------------------------
-------------------------
KING
KING is
is aa PRESIDENT
PRESIDENT
BLAKE
BLAKE is
is aa MANAGER
MANAGER
CLARK
CLARK is
is aa MANAGER
MANAGER
JONES
JONES is
is aa MANAGER
MANAGER
MARTIN
MARTIN is
is aa SALESMAN
SALESMAN
...
...
14
14 rows
rows selected.
selected.
Duplicate Rows
The default display of queries is all rows,
including duplicate rows.
SQL>
SQL> SELECT
SELECT deptno
deptno
22 FROM
FROM emp;
emp;

DEPTNO
---------
10
30
10
20
...
14 rows selected.
Eliminating Duplicate Rows
Eliminate duplicate rows by using the
DISTINCT keyword in the SELECT clause.
SQL> SELECT DISTINCT deptno
2 FROM emp;

DEPTNO
---------
10
20
30
Restricting and Sorting Data

• After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:


• Limit the rows retrieved by a query
• Sort the rows retrieved by a query
Limiting Rows using a Selection
EMP
"…retrieve all
EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO
employees
7839 KING PRESIDENT 10 in department 10"
7698 BLAKE MANAGER 30
7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7566 JONES MANAGER 20
...

EMP
EMPNO ENAME JOB ... DEPTNO

7839 KING PRESIDENT 10


7782 CLARK MANAGER 10
7934 MILLER CLERK 10
Limiting Rows Selected
• Restrict the rows returned by using the
WHERE clause.

SELECT [DISTINCT] {*| column [alias], ...}


FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)];

• The WHERE clause follows the FROM


clause.
Using the WHERE Clause

SQL> SELECT ename, job, deptno


2 FROM emp
3 WHERE job='CLERK';

ENAME JOB DEPTNO


---------- --------- ---------
JAMES CLERK 30
SMITH CLERK 20
ADAMS CLERK 20
MILLER CLERK 10

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