Lesson 9 on

DRRR : FIRE
TRIANGLE
TABLE OF CONTENTS

01 Elements of the
Fire Triangle 02 Different
Causes of Fires

Precautionary Basic Response

03 Measures and
Proper Procedure in 04 Procedure During
Fire Incident
Addressing a Fire
 Lesson 1
Elements of the
Fire Triangle
Lives were lost and properties destroyed during fire
incidents. It is therefore important that fire
prevention should be strengthened in the
community.
 The Fire Triangle
In order to understand how fire extinguishers work, you first need to
know a little bit about fire.
Four things must be present at the same time in order to produce
fire:
● Enough Oxygen to sustain combustion,
● Enough Heat to raise the material to its ignition temperature,
● Some sort of Fuel or combustible material, and
● The Chemical, Exothermic reaction that is fire.
Take a look at the following diagram, called the “Fire Triangle”
Oxygen, heat, and fuel are frequently referred to as the “fire triangle.” Add in the fourth
element, the chemical reaction, and you actually have a fire "tetrahedron. The Important thing to
remember is: take any of these four things away, and you will not have a fire or the fire will be
extinguished. Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by taking away one or more elements of
the fire triangle/tetrahedron. Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the principle of keeping
fuel sources and ignition sources separate.
1, Fuel - materials that can be burned (wood, paper, fabric, chemical, etc.)
2, Heat – energy that raises the material to its ignition temperature
3, Oxygen – reacts to fuel and maintains combustion (air contains 21% oxygen)
 Lesson 2
Different
Causes of Fires
Fires can be prevented if we knew what
cause it. In the philippines, one of the top three
causes of fire is associated with overloaded
wires or circuits (electrical).
 Most common causes of fire..
We can prevent destructive fires from happening if we know the most common
causes, as follows:
Electrical. Faculty wiring is a misnomer. If
there is actually wiring, there would have been
no electrical power from the very start when
you switch on the circuit breaker or the main
service protective equipment. What actually
happens is that the wires or circuit becomes
overloaded due to increase in the load the circuit
carries without changing the size of the wires.
The subsequent effect will be weakening of the
insulation of the wires due to overheating in the
circuit caused by the additional load.
 Most common causes of fire..
Incendiarism (Arson). It pertains to Open flames. Unattended burning
the malicious burning of property, candles or kerosene lamps that are
using certain chemicals, bombs, etc. placed near flammable/ combustible
and causing fire start. material is a fire waiting to happen.
Unattended cooking causes most fires in
the homes that occur in the kitchen. Oil
or fat starting to smoke is near the
combustion point and can ignite
violently.
● Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG). LPG is
a liquid that transforms into a gas when
released, making it economical and
transportable. It expands and contracts
with temperature, making LPGas
containers unfilled. LPGas is heavier than
air in vapor form, potentially causing
suffocation. It is colorless, tasteless, and
odorless, but an odorizing agent called
"ethyl mercaptan" is added for leak
detection. Its vapor form is half as light as
water, making it crucial for gas leak
detection.
● Fireworks. These are beautiful pyrotechnic
displays resulting from the occurrence of
certain oxidation, reduction, and reactions.
The substances that produce fireworks are
hazardous materials. These must be stored,
transported, handled as oxidizers, and
displayed by experienced, and knowledgeable
professionals. Implementation of prohibitions
in the manufacture, handling and use should
be strictly complied with everyone as fire ● Spontaneous Ignition. This occurs as a
safety precaution. result of a chemical reaction within the
material. It is a reaction independent of
any outside source of heat. It begins with
spontaneous heating which some of the
common materials that may
spontaneously heat and ignite are animal
oils, mixed fish oils, coal, sawdust, hay,
grain, and cotton.
● Static electricity. It involves the
movement of electrons between two
objects in contact with each other.
Electrical charges are produced on the
objects when they are separated. If the
charge builds up, it will develop enough
energy to jump as a spark to a nearby
grounded or less highly charged object.
This spark can ignite flammable vapors,
flammable gases or finely dispersed
combustible solid materials.

● Smoking. Careless smoking especially

in bed is a leading cause of fire in the
homes. In the Philippines it is the fourth
leading cause of fire.
 Lesson 3
Precautionary Measures
and Proper Procedure in
Addressing a Fire
As what the saying goes "Isang onsa ng pag-iwas ay
nagkakahalaga ng isang libong lunas" or "an ounce of
prevention is worth a pound of cure". To be pro-active with
fire prevention by taking the necessary steps will really help
us in reducing our risk of fire. However, if fire occurs, one
should be ready to address it at the earliest possible time in
order to mitigate its impact on lives and properties.
7 Simple Steps for Fire Safety..

Prevent Fire
1, Don't smoke in bed or when sleepy. Smoking materials are the cause of
home fire fatalities.
2. Turn off portable space heaters when you leave the room or go to sleep.
Heating equipment is the source of an additional home fire fatalities.
3. Turn off the stove if you have to answer the phone or leave the room.
Cooking equipment is the source of home fire fatalities, and by far the
leading cause of home fire injuries.
4. Put away matches or lighters in a high cabinet or locked drawer, out of
sight and reach of children. Children under age 5 are eight times more
likely to die in a fire caused by playing with a heat source than are older
children and adults.
7 Simple Steps for Fire Safety..
Be Prepared If a Fire Occurs
1, Install a smoke alarm. One working smoke alarm on each floor is
better, and one working smoke alarm inside every sleeping area is
best.
2, Press the test button on your smoke alarm to make sure it's still
working, even if it's hard- wired or has long-life batteries;
3, Plan and practice a home fire drill. Make sure everyone in your
home knows what to do when the alarm sounds:
4, Get out right away.
4.1 Go directly to your meeting place. Choose a meeting place in
front of your home or where firefighters can see you.
4.2 Don't go back inside for anything.
Fire Survival Guide
● If a fire occurs in your home, your chances of survival will depend on how
quickly and safely you are able to get out.
Planning your escape route
● In case of a fire, it's crucial to plan an escape route, ensure it's free of
obstructions and loose floor coverings, and make everyone aware of it. For those
with mobility issues, having a bedroom on the ground floor near an exit is
recommended. If needed, have a means to summon help from your bed, such as
a buzzer, intercom, or telephone.
What to do if a fire breaks out
● Unguarded or careless fires can start quickly, releasing smoke and fumes that
can kill. To escape, close doors, use your back to touch them, and evacuate
everyone as quickly as possible. Avoid picking up valuables or possessions, and
never return home until a fire officer confirms safety. Plan your escape route and
contact the fire brigade from a neighbor's house or mobile, clearly stating the
fire's address.
What to do if you are cut off by fire
● In case of a fire, remain calm and save energy to survive. Close doors
and use towels to block gaps, and if smoky, go to the floor level to
breathe. Wait for the fire brigade and drop cushions to break your fall.
Get out feet first and lower yourself before letting go. Establish a
bedtime fire safety routine, unplug electrical appliances, avoid
smoking in bed, and ensure cold contents before emptying ashtrays.
Close doors and close all rooms to prevent further damage.
Bedtime Routine
● Home fires often start at night, so having a bedtime fire safety routine
is crucial. Switch off electrical appliances, ensure no burning
cigarettes or pipes, never smoke in bed, empty ashtrays cold, switch
off portable heaters, and close all rooms.
Lesson 4
Basic Response
Procedure During Fire
Incident
"Ligtas ang may alam" or knowledge will keep one safe
especially in emergencies. In the event of fire,
immediate response has to be done. If fire will not be
suppressed, it will create more damage to property
and possibly cost lives. It is therefore important that
everyone knows what to do and act decisively when
this will happen.
Fire Basic Response Procedures
In surviving a fire incident, one must not panic, instead, remember
the following basic procedures in surviving a fire incident.
1, When inside the burning area follow the following:
● As the fire alarm sounds, evacuate to a safe place.
● If you see a fire, shout "FIREI" or activate the fire alarms to
inform other people
● If the fire is still small, use an appropriate fire extinguisher.
● Touch the door first before entering. If they are hot don’t open and
look for another way out.
● Use the stairs, not elevators.
● Close all doors and windows as you exit to delay the spread of
fire.
Fire Basic Response Procedures
● If there is smoke, cover your nose and stay as low as possible.
● Once outside, go to a safe area and call the nearest fire station.
2. When outside the burning area follow the following:
● Do not attempt to go inside the area and immediately contact the
nearest fire station.
● Listen and follow the orders of the emergency response team.
● Organize or participate in a bucket relay (passing buckets full of
water)
3. If you catch fire, do the "Stop, Drop, and Roll" right away.
FIRE DRILL ...
● A Fire drill is a simulated emergency
procedure that should be communicated and
practiced by the occupants in a building to
prepare on how to respond during a fire
incident. The family should have an
evacuation plan as well as agree the meeting
place for family reunification.
The 6 phases that should be followed during a fire drill are:
Phase 1: ALARM – Fire alarms are sounded.
Phase 2: RESPONSE – occupants will have to be alert for fire, and
smoke. Phase
Phase 3: EVACUATION – occupants evacuate through fire exits or
the pre-determined routes to the evacuation area/s.
Phase 4: ASSEMBLY – participants should group together in the
evacuation area
Phase 5: HEAD COUNT – a leader should check to make sure all
participants are present.
Phase 6: EVALUATION – the problems encountered during the drill
and how can these be corrected are noted.
 THANK
YOU!
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