The short history of

computer
LECTURE 2
 Early computing
machines(Mechanical)

• About 3000 BC
• The abacus was an early aid for
mathematical computations.
• Its only value is that it aids the memory of
the human performing the calculation.
• A skilled abacus operator can work on
addition and subtraction problems at the
speed of a person equipped with a hand
calculator (multiplication and division are
slower).
Abacus
John Napier
• In 1617 an eccentric (some say mad) Scotsman named John Napier
invented logarithms, which are a technology that allows
multiplication to be performed via addition.
• Ex: log2x = 5
Napier’s Bones
• The magic ingredient is the logarithm of
each operand, which was originally
obtained from a printed table. But
Napier also invented an alternative to
tables, where the logarithm values were
carved on ivory sticks which are now
called Napier's Bones.
Napier’s Bones
1833 - Charles Baggage desings the
analytical machine that follows
instructions from punched cards
First Generation(1941-1956)(electronic)

1941- Konrad Zuse builds the Z3 computer,

the first calculating machine with automatic
control of its operations
Eniac
• The title of forefather of today's all-electronic digital computers is usually
awarded to ENIAC, which stood for Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator.
• ENIAC was built at the University of Pennsylvania between 1943 and 1945
by two professors, John Mauchly and the 24 year old J. Presper Eckert,
who got funding from the war department after promising they could build
a machine that would replace all the "computers”
• ENIAC filled a 20 by 40 foot room, weighed 30 tons, and used more than
18,000 vacuum tubes.
ENIAC
ENIAC
Programming the ENIAC
• To reprogram the ENIAC you had to rearrange the patch cords that you can
observe on the left in the prior photo, and the settings of 3000 switches
that you can observe on the right.
• To program a modern computer, you type out a program with statements
like:
• Circumference = 3.14 * diameter
• To perform this computation on ENIAC you had to rearrange a large
number of patch cords and then locate three particular knobs on that vast
wall of knobs and set them to 3, 1, and 4.
Programming the ENIAC
Problems with the ENIAC
• The ENIAC used 18,000 vacuum tubes to hold a charge
• Vacuum tubes were so notoriously unreliable that even twenty years
later many neighborhood drug stores provided a "tube tester"
Replacing a vacuum tube
The Stored Program Computer
• In 1945 John von Neumann presented his idea of a computer that
would store computer instructions in a CPU
• The CPU(Central Processing Unit) consisted of elements that would
control the computer electronically
The Stored Program Computer
• The EDVAC, EDSAC and UNIVAC were the first computers to use the
stored program concept
• They used vacuum tubes so they were too expensive and too large for
households to own and afford
Edvac
• It took days to change ENIAC's program.
• Eckert and Mauchly's next teamed up with
the mathematician John von Neumann to
design EDVAC, which pioneered the stored
program.
• After ENIAC and EDVAC came other
computers with humorous names such as
ILLIAC, JOHNNIAC, and, of course, MANIAC
Second Generation Computers
• In 1947, the transistor was invented
• The transistor made computers smaller, less expensive and
increased calculating speeds.
• Second generation computers also saw a new way data was stored
• Punch cards were replaced with magnetic tapes and reel to reel
machines
Second Generation(1956-1963)
By 1947, the invention of the transistor greatly changed the computer’s
developement.The transistor replaced the large,unpractical vacuum
tube in computers. Computers came smaller,faster,more reliable and
more energy-efficent
Univac
• The UNIVAC computer was the first
commercial (mass produced) computer.
• In the 50's, UNIVAC (a contraction of
"Universal Automatic Computer") was the
household word for "computer" just as
"Kleenex" is for "tissue".
• UNIVAC was also the first computer to
employ magnetic tape.
Third Generation Computers

• Transistors were replaced by

integrated circuits(IC)
• One IC could replace
hundreds of transistors
• This made computers even
smaller and faster.
Third Generation(1964-1971)
Integrated circuits semiconductor devices with several transistors built
into one physical component.Texas Instrument and Fairchild both
announce the integrated circuit 1959
Fourth Generation Computers
• In 1970 the Intel Corporation invented the Microprocessor: an
entire CPU on one chip
• This led to microcomputers-computers on a desk.
Fourth Generation(1971-present)
Intel 4004 chip took the integrated circuit one step
further by locating all the components of a
computer on silicon chip.Whereas previously had
manufactured to fit a special purpose, now one
microprosessor could be manufactured and
programmed to meet any number of
demands.Other Intel prosessors 8008, 8086,
80286, 80386, 80486, pentium, pentium
pro,pentium II,pentium III
and pentium IV.
Computer Programming
in the ’70’s
• If you learned computer
programming in the 1970's, you
dealt with what today are called
mainframe computers, such as the
IBM 7090 (shown below), IBM 360,
or IBM 370.
Time-Sharing
• There were 2 ways to interact with a
mainframe.
• The first was called time sharing because
the computer gave each user a tiny sliver of
time in a round-robin fashion.
• Perhaps 100 users would be simultaneously
logged on, each typing on a teletype such
as the following:
Teletype
• A teletype was a motorized typewriter that
could transmit your keystrokes to the
mainframe and then print the computer's
response on its roll of paper.
• You typed a single line of text, hit the
carriage return button, and waited for the
teletype to begin noisily printing the
computer's response
Batch-Mode Processing
• The alternative to time sharing was batch
mode processing, where the computer
gives its full attention to your program.
• In exchange for getting the computer's full
attention at run-time, you had to agree to
prepare your program off-line on a key
punch machine which generated punch
cards.
Punch Cards
• University students in the 1970's bought blank cards a linear foot at a time
from the university bookstore.
• Each card could hold only 1 program statement.
• To submit your program to the mainframe, you placed your stack of cards
in the hopper of a card reader.
• Your program would be run whenever the computer made it that far.
• You often submitted your deck and then went to dinner or to bed and
came back later hoping to see a successful printout showing your results
Programming Today
• But things changed fast. By the
1990's a university student would
typically own his own computer and
have exclusive use of it in his dorm
room.
Microprocessor
• This transformation was a result of the
invention of the microprocessor.
• A microprocessor (uP) is a computer that is
fabricated on an integrated circuit (IC).
• Computers had been around for 20 years
before the first microprocessor was
developed at Intel in 1971.
Microprocessor
• The micro in the name
microprocessor refers to the physical
size.
• Intel didn't invent the electronic
computer, but they were the first to
succeed in cramming an entire
computer on a single chip (IC)
Integrated Circuits
• The microelectronics revolution is
what allowed the amount of hand-
crafted wiring seen in the prior
photo to be mass-produced as an
integrated circuit which is a small
sliver of silicon the size of your
thumbnail
Integrated Circuits
• Integrated circuits and
microprocessors allowed computers
to be faster
• This led to a new age of computers
• The first home-brew computers is
called the ALTAIR 8800
Apple 1 Computer - 1976
The IBM PC
Commodore 64
Apple Macintosh
The Amiga
Windows 3
Macintosh System 7
Apple Newton
Standard UNIX
PowerPC
IBM OS/2
Windows 95
Fifth Generation(present -)
There are thousand processors or more that work
parallel processing as one processor.The most
famous example of fifth generation computer is
the HAL 9000.It use visual input, voice
recognitation and learn its own
experiences.Advance superconductor technology
allows the flow of electricity with no or little
resistance, greatly improving the speed of
information flow.