MYSQL

Some of The Most Important SQL Commands

1. SELECT - extracts data from a database

2. UPDATE - updates data in a database
3. DELETE - deletes data from a database
4. INSERT INTO - inserts new data into a database
5. CREATE DATABASE - creates a new database
6. ALTER DATABASE - modifies a database
7. CREATE TABLE - creates a new table
8. ALTER TABLE - modifies a table
9. DROP TABLE - deletes a table
 18.MySQL SELECT Statement

• The SELECT statement is used to select data from

a database.
• The data returned is stored in a result table,
called the result-set.

SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name;
• Here, column1, column2, ... are the field names
of the table you want to select data from.
 Cont..
• If you want to select all the fields available in
the table, use the following syntax:

SELECT * FROM table_name;

 19. SELECT DISTINCT Statement
• The SELECT DISTINCT statement is used to
return only distinct (different) values
• Inside a table, a column often contains many
duplicate values; and sometimes you only want
to list the different (distinct) values
• Eliminates duplication
• Syntax:
SELECT DISTINCT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name;
 20.Count Distinct values
• The following SQL statement counts and
returns the number of different (distinct)
“values” in the table
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT coulmname) FROM tab
le_name;
• SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT Country) FROM Cust
omers;
 21. WHERE Clause

• The WHERE clause is used to filter records.

• It is used to extract only those records that fulfill a specified
condition.

• SELECT column1, column2, ...

FROM table_name
WHERE condition; OR
• Select * from table_name
WHERE condition;

• WHERE clause is not only used in SELECT statements, it is also used

in UPDATE, DELETE, etc.!
 Cont..
• Text Fields vs. Numeric Fields
• SQL requires single quotes around text values
• However, numeric fields should not be
enclosed in quotes: e.g:
 SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE CustomerID = 1;
 SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country = 'Mexico';
 Operators
22.Comparison Operators
= Equal SELECT * FROM
Products
WHERE Price = 18;

> Greater than SELECT * FROM

Products
WHERE Price > 30;
< Less than SELECT * FROM
Products
WHERE Price < 30;
>= Greater than or equal SELECT * FROM
Products
WHERE Price >= 30;
<= Less than or equal SELECT * FROM
Products
WHERE Price <= 30;
<> Not equal. SELECT * FROM
In some versions of Products
SQL this operator may WHERE Price <> 18;
be written as !=
 23. Logical Operators
AND OR NOT
• The WHERE clause can be combined with AND, OR,
and NOT operators.
• The AND and OR operators are used to filter records based on
more than one condition:
• Retrieve record that meet multiple conditions
• The AND operator displays a record if all the conditions
separated by AND are TRUE.
• The OR operator displays a record if any of the conditions
separated by OR is TRUE.
• Retrieves record if at least one condition is met
• The NOT operator displays a record if the condition(s) is NOT
TRUE.
• AND syntax
 SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 AND condition2 AND condit
ion3 ...;
e.g:

SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE Country = 'Germany' AND City = 'Berlin';
• OR Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE condition1 OR condition2 OR condition3 ...
;
E.g:

• SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE City = 'Berlin' OR City = 'Stuttgart';
• NOT Syntax
SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
WHERE NOT condition;
E.g:

• SELECT * FROM Customers

WHERE NOT Country = 'Germany';
 Combining AND, OR and NOT
• You can also combine
the AND, OR and NOT operators.
e.g:
Combining AND & OR
 SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE Country = 'Germany' AND (City
= 'Berlin' OR City = 'Stuttgart');
Combining Not & AND
 SELECT * FROM Customers
WHERE NOT Country = 'Germany' AND NOT Country
= 'USA';
 24.ORDER BY Keyword
• The ORDER BY keyword is used to sort the
result-set in ascending or descending order.
• The ORDER BY keyword sorts the records in
ascending order by default.
• To sort the records in descending order, use
the DESC keyword.
• Syntax
 SELECT column1, column2, ...
FROM table_name
ORDER BY column1, column2, ... ASC|DESC;
e.g:
SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country;

Above SQL statement selects all customers from the

"Customers" table, sorted by the "Country" column:
 ORDER BY DESC
• The following SQL statement selects all
customers from the "Customers" table, sorted
DESCENDING by the “id" column

SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Customerid DESC;
SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country DESC;
 ORDER BY Several Columns

• Below SQL statement selects all customers

from the "Customers" table, sorted by the
"Country" and the "CustomerName" column.
• This means that it orders by Country, but if
some rows have the same Country, it orders
them by CustomerName:
Syntax1:
 SELECT * FROM Customers
ORDER BY Country, CustomerName;
 Cont..

Syntax2:

 SELECT * FROM Customers

ORDER BY Country ASC, CustomerName DESC;

• Above SQL statement selects all customers from

the "Customers" table, sorted ascending by the
"Country"
• and descending by the "CustomerName" column:
 25. NULL VALUES
• A field with a NULL value is a field with no
value.

• To check NULL values We have to use the IS

NULL and IS NOT NULL operators.

(not possible with operators like = , <>)

 Cont..
i. IS NULL
 SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NULL;
e.g:

SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address

FROM Customers
WHERE Address IS NULL;

Above SQL lists all customers with a NULL value in the

"Address" field:
 Cont..
ii. IS NOT NULL
SELECT column_names
FROM table_name
WHERE column_name IS NOT NULL;
e.g:
SELECT CustomerName, ContactName, Address
FROM Customers
WHERE Address IS NOT NULL;

Above SQL lists all customers with a value in the

"Address" field:
 26.UPDATE Statement
• The UPDATE statement is used to modify the
existing records in a table.
UPDATE table_name
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...
WHERE condition;

 The WHERE clause specifies which record(s)

that should be updated. If you omit
the WHERE clause, all records in the table will
be updated!
 Cont..
i. Updates single record
UPDATE Customers
SET ContactName = 'Alfred', City = 'Frankfurt'
WHERE CustomerID = 1;

The SQL statement updates the first customer

(CustomerID = 1) with a new contact
person and a new city.
 Cont..

ii. UPDATE Multiple Records

UPDATE Customers
SET PostalCode = 00000
WHERE Country = 'Mexico';

SQL statement will update the PostalCode to

00000 for all records where country is "Mexico":
 Cont..

iii. Updating All records/No WHERE clause

• If you omit the WHERE clause, ALL records will

be updated

UPDATE Customers
SET PostalCode = 00000;
 27.DELETE Statement
• To delete a record
• The DELETE statement is used to delete existing
records in a table.

DELETE FROM table_name WHERE condition;

 The WHERE clause specifies which record(s)

should be deleted. If you omit
the WHERE clause, all records in the table will be
deleted!
 Cont..

i. Removing specific records

DELETE FROM Customers WHERE CustomerNam
e=‘abc’;

ii. Deleting All Records

DELETE FROM table_name;
SQL statement deletes all rows in the
"Customers" table, without deleting the table,
i.e. table structure, attributes, and indexes will
be intact: