Overview of Subject

Turbo
Machines

Hydraulic to Mechanical to
Mechanical Hydraulic

Turbines

Compressible Incompressible
Fluid Fluid
Compressible Incompressible
Fluid Fluid

Steam Gas Compressors Pump

Turbine Turbine Hyd. Turbines
 What is a pump?
 The hydraulic machines which convert the Mechanical energy in
to Hydraulic energy is called Pump

 If the Mechanical energy is converted in to Pressure energy by

means of Centrifugal force acting on fluid, then the Pump is called
Centrifugal Pump

Objective of pumping system:

• Transfer liquid from source to
destination
• Circulate liquid around a system
Centrifugal Pumps
A machine for moving fluid by accelerating the fluid
RADIALLY outward.

From the Center

of a Circle

RADIAL DIRECTION
To the Outside of a Circle
 Classification of Pumps

Pump

Positive Dynamic
Displacement Pressure Pump

Rotary
Reciprocating
Displacement

Centrifugal Turbine Axial flow Jet

Gear Rotary
Screw Vane
Piston

Plunger Diaphragm
Type Type
 Introduction of Pump

Energy
conversion Rotor/Impeller

Rotation of shaft in the Water in the form of Hydraulic

form of mechanical energy Hydraulic energy Pump
(ME) (PE+KE)
Centrifugal Pump
Pump Terminology
 Centrifugal Pump
Delivery Pipe Working Principle:
It is working on the
Delivery Valve principle of force vortex
flow which means that
Impeller when a certain mass of
liquid rotate by an
external torque the rise of
pressure head of rotating
liquid takes place.
Casing
The rise of pressure head at any point of
Suction Pipe
rotating liquid is proportional to the
tangential velocity head at that point
Sump
Thus at outlet where radius is more, the
Foot Valve
Centrifugal Pumpspressure head is more, thus liquid will
and Strainer
discharge with high pressure head
 Working of Centrifugal Pumps

How do they work?

• Liquid forced into

impeller
• Vanes pass kinetic
energy to liquid: liquid
rotates and leaves
impeller
• Volute casing converts
kinetic energy into
pressure energy

(Sahdev M) 9
Components of Centrifugal Pumps

Impeller
• Main rotating part that
provides centrifugal
acceleration to the fluid
• Number of impellers =
number of pump stages
• Impeller classification:
direction of flow, suction
type and shape/mechanical
construction
Shaft: Transfers torque from
motor to impeller during
pump start up and
operation
 Centrifugal Impellers

Impeller
Vanes

“Eye of the
Impeller” Thickness
Water of the impeller
Diameter of
Entrance
the Impeller

Thicker the Impeller- More Water

Larger the DIAMETER - More Pressure
Increase the Speed - More Water and Pressure
 Two Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow

Twice the pressure

Same amount of water
 Multiple Impellers in Series

Direction of Flow Direction of Flow

Placing impellers in series increases the amount

of head produced
Impeller Types
Closed Impeller:
Closed Impellers
- The Vanes are provided with
metal cover plate on both sides.
- The shrouded plate is called
crown plate and the lower plate
is called base plate
- This Impeller provides better
guidance for the liquid and is
more efficient
- It is mostly suited when liquid is
pure and without debris
Impeller Types
Semi Closed Impeller
- The vanes are provided with only
Open and Semi closed
base plate and no crown plate
- Such impeller is suitable even if
the liquid is charged with some
debris
Open Impeller
- Open Impeller have neither crown
plate and nor the base plate
- this impeller is used for the liquid
containing suspended solid
particles such as paper pulp, sand,
sewage etc.
- This impeller is less liable to clog
Typical impeller

Impeller Impeller Side cut

with casing vanes section
Casings
• Functions
• Enclose impeller as “pressure
vessel”
• Support and bearing for shaft and
impeller
• Volute case
• Impellers inside casings
• Balances hydraulic pressure on
pump shaft
• Circular casing
• Vanes surrounds impeller
• Used for multi-stage pumps
17
 Type of Casing

Vortex Casing:

If the circular chamber is introduced

between the casing and impeller, then
it is called vortex casing

By introducing the circular chamber,

the loss of energy due to formation of
eddies is reduced

This helps to improve the efficiency of

the pump
Type of Casing
Casing with Guide Blades:

In this casing the impeller is surrounded by

a series of guide blades mounted on the ring
which is known as diffuser

The guide vanes are designed in such a way

that the water from the impeller enters the
guide vanes without shock

Also the area of the guide vanes increases,

thus reducing the velocity of flow through
guide vanes and consequently increasing
the pressure of water.

The water from guide vanes then passes

through surrounding casing which is in Diffuser Pump
most case concentric with impeller Turbine Pump
 Comparison of Inward Flow Reaction Turbine and
Centrifugal Pump

Turbine Pump

-Radial Entry & Axial Outlet -Axial Entry & Radial Outlet
- Vanes are Forward curved -Vanes are Backward curved
 Comparison of Velocity triangles of I/W flow reaction turbine
and centrifugal pump
u1
Vw1 Vw2
u2
α θ
Vr1 β ø
V1 Vf1
Vf2 Vr2
I/L Velocity Δ V2

Turbine O/L Velocity Δ Pump

Vr V2
Vr 1
2
=Vf2 V1
ø β=90 0
θ α=900 =Vf1
u2 u1
Vw2 = 0 Vw1 = 0
O/L Velocity Δ I/L Velocity Δ
Work Done by the Centrifugal Pump
In case of Centrifugal pump, the
work is done by impeller on
water. u2
Vw2
φ
For the best efficiency, the water β V2 Vf2
Vr2
enters radially at inlet Tangent to impeller
at outlet
Hence α=0 and Vw1=0
R2
For all conditions the Vw2 at
V1
outlet is in the direction of motion Vr1
of vane ϴ u1
R1
Tangent to impeller
at Inlet
Work Done by the Centrifugal Pump
Let
N-Speed of Impeller in rpm
D1- Diameter of impeller at inlet
u1- Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet (πD1N/60)
Similarly
D2- Diameter of impeller at Outlet
u2- Tangential velocity of impeller at outlet (πD2N/60)

Now,
For Reaction Turbine:
Work done by water on Runner/Unit weight/Sec is =
1
 [Vw1 u1  Vw2 u 2] [-ve sign for β >90 ]
g
Work Done by the Centrifugal Pump

The centrifugal Pump is reverse of Radial Flow Reaction Turbine

Thus Work done by Impeller on water per unit weight per Sec is
1
 [  (Vw1 u1  Vw2 u 2)] = 1  (Vw2 u 2  Vw1 u1)
g g
Hence Work done by Impeller on water for W weight per sec is
W
 (Vw2 u 2  Vw1 u1) Where W=ρav. g = ρgQ N/sec
g
Where Discharge Q is given as
Q  πD2B2Vf2 OR
Q  πD1B1Vf1
Where, B1 and B2 are the width of impeller at inlet and outlet
Different Heads of Centrifugal Pump
Vd 2
Manometric
Suction Head Head
(hs):(Hm):
2g It is the Head against which a centrifugal
hfd It is the vertical distance between
pump has to work.
sump and imparted
a)Hm=Head the center line of the
pump by impeller to the - Losses
water
Delivery Head (hd):- losses
= (Vw2u2)/g
hd Hm
It is the vertical distance
= (Vw2u2)/g between
if losses are zero
center line of the pump and the
Hst b)water
Hm= surface
Total Headin -the
Total Head
tank to which
water isatsupplied
Outlet at Inlet

c)Static
Hm= Head
hs+hd+hfs+hfd+Velo.Heads
(Hst):
hs It is the sum of Suction head and
Generally velocity heads are negligible
delivery head
Hst=hs+hd
The velocity head at Delivery is greater
than at suction,,,thus in some cases it is
hfs hfs, hfd- Head loss in friction
considered
Vs 2 Centrifugal Pumps
2g
Efficiencies of Centrifugal Pump

Manometric Efficiency:
It is the ratio of manometric head to the Head imparted by the impeller to the
water
Hm
ηman  gHm
(
Vw2u2
) ηman 
g Vw2u2
Mechanical Efficiency:
- The power at the shaft of the centrifugal pump is more than the
power available at the impeller of the pump.
- The ratio of power available at the impeller to the power at the shaft
of the pump
Power at Impeller Vw2u2
ηm  m
Power at shaft ηm  1000
S.P
Efficiencies of Centrifugal Pump

Overall Efficiency:
It is the ratio of Power output of the pump to the power input to the pump

Wt of water lifted  Hm W  Hm
Output Power  Poutput 
1000 1000
Where, W=ρaV. g = ρgQ

Input Power  Power supplied by motor  Shaft Power

W  Hm
( )
ηo  1000
S.P
ηo  ηman  ηm
 Specific Speed of the Centrifugal Pump
It is defined as, the speed of a geometrically similar pump which
will deliver a discharge of 1 m3/s of a liquid under a head of 1 m.
It is given by,
N Q
Ns  3
Hm 4
1.Specific Speed 2. Tangential Velocity 3. Discharge

N Q
]m  [
N Q Hm Hm Q Q
[ 3 3
]p
[ ]m  [ ] p [ 3 ]m  [ 3 ] p
Hm 4
Hm 4
DN DN DN DN
4. Power
P P
[ 5 3 ]m  [ 5 3 ] p
DN DN
Losses in centrifugal pump
Pump • Shock at the entrance to exit
• Friction loss in Impeller
Hydraulic Loss • Friction loss in guide vane and
Other casing
•Friction and other minor losses
Mechanical Loss in suction and delivery pipe
• Disc friction between impeller
Leakage Loss and liquid
• Friction between bearing and
Mech Loss gland
Hyd Loss
Other Loss

Shaft Impeller Casing exit Delivery exit

 Multistage Centrifugal Pump

• If the centrifugal pump consist of two or more impeller, the

pump is called multistage centrifugal pump.
• The impeller may be mounted on the same shaft or different
shaft.

Objective:
1.To produce the high head
2.To discharge a large quantity of liquid

If high head is to be developed,, the impellers are

connected in series (or on the same shaft)

If the large quantity is to be discharged,, the impellers are

connected in parallel
Multistage Centrifugal Pumps for High Head

To develop a high head, the number of impeller

are mounted in series
Initial Pressure P1 increases
to Pressure P2 at the outlet
P2 P3 of First pump
This increase pressure P2 is
P1 acts as a input (Inlet) to
second Pump
Shaft
Pressure P2 is further
increases to Pressure P3 at
the outlet of second Pump
Impeller-1Centrifugal Pumps Impeller-2
Multistage Centrifugal Pumps for High Discharge

To develop a high discharge, the number of

impeller are mounted in parallel
Pump 1 delivers
discharge Q1
Pump 2 delivers
discharge Q2
The total discharge
delivered by the system
of parallel pump will be
Q1+Q2
 Multistage in Centrifugal Pump

Pump in series Pump in parallel

1
1 2 3
2

3
H m  H m1  H m2  H m3
H m  H m1  H m2  H m3
Q  Q1  Q 2  Q 3
Q  Q1  Q 2  Q 3
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Numerical 1

A Centrifugal pump having outer diameter equal to two times the

inner diameter and running at 1000 rpm. It works against a total
head of 40m. The velocity of flow through the impeller is constant
and is equal to 2.5m/s. the vanes are set back at an angle of 40
degree at outlet. If the outer diameter of impeller is 500 mm and
width at outlet is 50mm. Vw2
Determine u2
1.Vane angle at inlet
2.Work done by impeller on water β ø
3.Manometric efficiency Vf2 Vr2
V2
Vr 1
V1 =Vf1
θ α=90 0

u1
Vw1 = 0
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Numerical 3

A Centrifugal pump has following dimensions: inlet

radius=80mm, Outlet radius=160mm, width of impeller at
inlet=50mm, θ=0.45,
φ=0.25, width of impeller at outlet=50mm.
Assuming shockless entry determine the discharge and the head
developed by the pump when the impeller rotates at 90 rad/sec.If
such two pumps connected in parallel what isVdischarge?
w2
u2

β ø
Vr 1 Vf2
V1 =Vf1 Vr2
V2
θ α=900
u1
Vw1 = 0
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Numerical 1

The diameter of a impeller of a centrifugal pump at inlet and outlet

are 30 cm and 60cm resp. the velocity of flow at outlet is 2m/s and
the vanes are set back at an angle of 45 degree at the outlet.
Determine the minimum starting speed of the pump if the
manomeric efficiency is 70%.

Vw2
u2

β ø
Vr 1 Vf2
V1 =Vf1 Vr2
V2
θ α=900
u1
Vw1 = 0
Centrifugal Pumps
Numerical 2

A centrifugal pump with 1.2m diameter runs at 200 rpm and

pumps 1880 litres per second. The average lift is being 6m. The
angle which the vanes makes at exit with the tangent to the
impeller is 26 degree and the radial velocity of flow is 2.5m/s.
determine the manometric efficiency and the least speed to start
the pumping against a head of 6m. The inner diameter of the
impeller being 0.6m. Vw2
u2

β ø
Vr 1 Vf2
V1 =Vf1 Vr2
V2
θ α=900
u1
Vw1 = 0
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Numerical 1

A three stage centrifugal pump has impeller 40 cm in diameter and

2 cm wide at outlet. The vanes are curved back at the outlet at 45
degree and reduce the circumferential area by 10%. The
manometric efficiency is 90% and the overall efficiency is 80%.
Determine the head generated by the pump when running at 1000
rpm, deliveres 50 litre per second. What should be the shaft horse
power. Vw2
u2

β ø
Vr 1 Vf2
V1 =Vf1 Vr2
V2
θ α=900
u1
Vw1 = 0
Numerical 1

A single stage centrifugal pump with impeller diameter of 30cm

rotates at 2000 rmp and lifts 3 meter cube of water per second to a
height of 30m with an efficiency of 75%. Find the number of
stages and diameter of each impeller of similar multistage pump to
lift 5 meter cube of water per second to a height of 200 meter
when rotates at 1500 rpm

Numerical 2
Two geometrically similar pumps are running at the same speed
of 1000 rpm. One pump has an impeller diameter of 0.3m and lifts
water at the rate of 20 litre per second against a head of 15 meter.
Determine the head and impeller diameter of the other pump to
deliver half the discharge
Minimum Starting Speed of Centrifugal Pump

-If pressure rise in the impeller is more than or equal to

manometric head (Hm),,, the centrifugal pump will start delivering
water.

- Otherwise the pump will not discharge any water, though the
impeller is rotating

-When impeller is rotating, the water in contact with the impeller

is also rotating.

-This is the case of force vortex.

-In case of force vortex, the centrifugal head or head rise due to
pressure rise in the impeller is given as
 Cavitations in Centrifugal Pumps
-Consider point C on the sump level
and point A at the entry of impeller
2
Po P1 Vs
   Hs  hfs
ρg ρg 2g
1
2
P1 Po Vs
A  (  Hs  hfs)
ρg ρg 2g
1

Hs -Thus absolute pressure head at the

Vs entry of impeller is much below than
Po
o o that of atmospheric
C -i.e high vacuum is attain at the eye
Centrifugal Pumps
of impeller
 Cavitations in Centrifugal Pumps
- When the absolute pressure falls
below the vapor pressure of the liquid

-Then fluid vaporized and generates a

bubbles

A - These bubbles when enter in to the

high pressure region,, it collapse on
the wall and results in noise and crack
Hs formation….. Hence the phenomenon
Vs of cavitation.
Po
C -Thus pumps are so designed that there
Centrifugal Pumps
should be minimum cavitation at
the suction side.
 Maximum Permissible Suction lift
-Thus to avoid cavitation
P1
 hvap
ρg
-Thus considering the minimum value
should be hvap to avoid cavitation
A
-Thus maximum permissible suction
lift can be obtained as
2
Hs Po Vs
Vs Hs   (hvap  hfs  )
Po ρg 2g
C -Note:
Centrifugal Pumps
hvap depends on temperature
of fluid
Net Positive Suction Head (NPSH)

Consider the equation

2
Po P1 Vs
   Hs  hfs
ρg ρg 2g
Thus absolute pressure at the eye of the impeller falls below the
barometric pressure as

P1
NPSH   hvap
ρg
 Prevention of Cavitation

1. The temperature of liquid handled by the pump should be

low to avail low vapor pressure

2. The diameter of suction pipe should be large

[To reduce Vs and thus hfs]

3. The length of suction pipe must be least

4. The suction pipe should be free from pipe fittings

5. The suction lift should be minimum by installing the pump

near the sump
 Priming
 The pressure increase created is proportional
Density of the fluid being pumped.
to the -----------
 A pump designed for water will be unable to
produce much pressure increase when
pumping air
1.225 kg/m3
Density of air at sea level is __________
Change in pressure produced by pump is
about 0.1% of design when pumping air
rather than water!
 Priming Solutions
Applications with water at less than atmospheric
pressure on the suction side of the pump require a
method to remove the air from the pump and the
inlet piping
Solutions
foot valve
priming tank to vacuum pump
priming tank
vacuum source
self priming

foot valve
Self-Priming Centrifugal Pumps

Require a small volume of liquid in the pump

Recirculate this liquid and entrain air from the
suction side of the pump
The entrained air is separated from the liquid and
discharged in the pressure side of the pump
Performance of Pump
-The pump is usually designed for one speed, flow rate and head.

-But in actual practice, the operation may be at some other

conditions of head or flow rate.

-For these changed conditions the behavior of the pump is quite

different

-If the flow through the pump is less than the designed quantity, the
value of velocity of flow of liquid through the impeller will change
Thereby changing the head developed by the pump
hence the efficiency will decrease
-In order to predict the behavior and performance of the pump
under varying conditions, the tests are performed and the results of
the test are plotted

-The curves thus obtained are known as characteristic curves of the

pump.

-The main characteristic curves are

1) Main and operating Characteristic
2) Constant efficiency (Muschel Curve)
3) Constant head and constant discharge curve
 Main and Operating Characteristic
-In order to obtain the main
40 characteristic curve, the
960 rpm
pump is to operate at
30 880 rpm different speed
800 rpm
Hm
20 -For each speed, the flow
(m) 640 rpm rate is varied by means of
10 delivery valve

-And for different values of

0 100 200 300 flow rate, the corresponding
Discharge Q (Lit/s) values of Hm, Shaft power P,
and Overall efficiency are
measured
Centrifugal Pumps
 P Efficiency
150 80
960 rpm 960 rpm
60
100 800 rpm
880 rpm 640 rpm 880 rpm
40
50 800 rpm
640 rpm 720 rpm
20
0 100 200
Discharge Q (Lit/s)
0 100 200
The values of head and discharge Discharge Q (Lit/s)
corresponding to maximum efficiency
is called normal head and normal
discharge
Operating Characteristics of pump

Centrifugal Pumps
problem
A pump Q=0.15m3/s against head of 12.5m
N=600 rpm
D2= 500 mm
D1=250 mm
The angle which the vanes makes at exit with the
tangent to the impeller is 35 degree
Area of flow=0.07m2
 Manometric Efficiency,Vane angle at inlet,

Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
Centrifugal Pumps
 Thank You.!!!

Any Questions???