SYSTEM DESIGN OF

BACHARA NETWORK
 Command Area
In the general assessment and collaboration with WWO
agree on the network command area: The entire populated
area downstream of the spring until other alternative are
found (other springs, Hand pump)
 Bachara network covers Offa and Kawo Koysha woredas.
From Kawo Koysha woreda zamo Kebele / 4water points/
and Offa woreda Mure and Gelda kebeles/17 water points/.
Totally greater than 21 water points in Bachara network.
 After this office work it is very important to go on site to
define the command area on the ground with WWO and
federation, keeping some flexibility.
Need assessment
The TS or the WWO expert makes a simple map of each WP that are
needed in the area. ..\free hand sketch bachara.pdf
They also need to collect the name of the WP, the number of HH or
student per WP and the GPS position.
Bachara network water points .docx
Determining the network shape
The points are then loaded on the QGIS map
The map is then printed and the proposed network organization and
pipeline path is drawn. Map
Possible optimization:
Avoid very low point and hard to crossing.
Use of reservoir DB (on low slope) or as a way to have safer DB
Avoid long double line (A DB cost around the same as 700 m of
25/32 mm pipe)
First Mandatory Validation:
All network with more than 5 WP. Once the PO has understood the
process, it can be adapted.
Start the topography
Topographic survey:
Using format to record data
Check the accuracy of abney level every day of survey by taking one
reading onward then one reading backward
Read with precision the results on the abney for angle abney the
decimal is mandatory
Take a GPS waypoint at each topographic point
Survey data Galda bachara 07072023.xlsx
 Encoding the data in pipeline design
1. Click on "Show WP" and fill spring information and WP population
Springs

Water Points
2. Create DB by entering their name in the Pipe to DB Parts. Click on refresh 🗘 to
update the sketch

Refresh
3. On the main sheets, allocate WP to the
DBs (pipe to WP parts),

Pick WP

WP not attached to a DB are displayed in bold

 Cont….
WP not attached to a DB are displayed in bold

WP not attached
4. Make sure the spring yield can serve all WP need, close WP as
needed
 Cont…
5. Click on the DBS in the sketch to see their details. DB can be deleted
by a click on their right hand side cross.
Click for details Click to delete
WPs WPs

6. Once all the WP have been affected, adjust DB repartition by:

Clicking on Calc DB Pipe Size Adjusting on the left hand side

Auto Calculation

Adjust if necessary
 Cont…
7. Click on the pipe in the sketch to go to pipeline design and enter the
DB to DB topography
Use Struc H for the starting point with ΔH filled (0 for a ground DB,
the reservoir Height for a DB above reservoir)
Fill the rest of the topography as per your field data
Enter the Waypoint Number
Click on go to GPS
 Cont…
Import the GPS data in your computer
8. From GPX file copy paste the GPS waypoints name (number) and the
Latitude and Longitude
Click on calculate GPS to calculate the results
Click on go to pipeline to go back to pipeline design

Calculate GPS
 Cont…
Click on GPS to load the GPS point on the pipeline design

Enter the pipeline and finalize the pipeline design (guideline to be

done). Click on Go to DB
 Cont…
Click on WP to enter the WP pipeline design
Optimization
Second Mandatory Validation before construction:
All network with more than 5 WP. Once the PO has adapted the new
pipeline design format, it can be adapted.
 Pipe characteristics/Design
flow
• For each line, enter the type of
pipe (HDPE or PVC), then choose
the pipe diameter and PN by
selecting the appropriate pipe
from the drop down list The design flow is the dry season
• HDPE 25 mm in PN 16 /25 yield
• HDPE 32 mm in PN 10/16
• HDPE 50 mm in PN 10/16
• HDPE 75 mm in PN 10/16
. Hydraulic calculation
.
Cumulative loss
Max flow Head loss @ Max

• The sheet calculates the head loss (HL and

@ max

1.37 0 0.0
1.37 -0.47930042 -0.5

cumulated HL) depending on the chosen

1.37 -0.47930042 -1.0
1.37 -0.47930042 -1.4
1.37 -0.47930042 -1.9

pipe inside diameter and the chosen design

1.37 -0.47930042 -2.4
1.37 -0.47930042 -2.9
1.37 -0.47930042 -3.4
1.37 -0.47930042 -3.8

flow 1.37
1.37
1.37
-0.47930042
-0.47930042
-0.47930042
-4.3
-4.8
-5.3
1.37 -0.47930042 -5.8

• The maximum acceptable pressure in meter 1.37

1.37
1.37
-0.47930042
-0.47930042
-0.47930042
-6.2
-6.7
-7.2

for the chosen pipe is depend on PN.

1.37 -0.47930042 -7.7
1.37 -0.47930042 -8.1
1.37 -0.47930042 -8.6
1.37 -0.47930042 -9.1

• The maximum allowable flow that can be

1.37 -0.47930042 -9.6
1.37 -0.47930042 -10.1
1.37 -0.47930042 -10.5

carried through the pipeline is indicate

1.37 -0.47930042 -11.0
1.37 -0.47930042 -11.5
1.37 -0.47930042 -12.0
1.37 -0.47930042 -12.5

which part of the network is constraining 1.37

1.37
1.37
-0.47930042
-0.47930042
-0.47930042
-12.9
-13.4
-13.9

the flow. This is mostly useful to determine 1.37

1.37
1.37
-0.47930042
-0.47930042
-0.47930042
-14.4
-14.9
-15.3

the maximal pressure occurring in the

1.37 -0.47930042 -15.8
1.37 -0.47930042 -16.3
1.37 -0.47930042 -16.8

pipeline (see Real HGL (Max Flow)

1.37 -0.47930042 -17.3
1.37 -0.47930042 -17.7
1.37 -0.47930042 -18.2
1.37 -0.47930042 -18.7
Structures
• BP: The point that will be calculated considering
the residual head at the BP is 0.
• Auto Air Vent: This will not modify the
conventional HGL calculation, but, it can impact
the maximum allowable flow that can go through
the pipeline, the real HGL calculation or the
location of air block.
• Specific hydraulic point (Break pressure, gully or
river crossing, air vent…) are stated in the remark
 A) Conventional (Design Flow)
• The residual head is calculated from top to down . 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

• The design flow can go through the pipeline if the 0

residual head at the end of each section (BP, Auto•Air. Conventional HGL
Vent or End of line) is > 0 m. -5

• The conventional design flow does not represent the -10

reality but allows checking quickly that there is
sufficient residual head at the end of the line. There -15
must even be excess of head to cover for topographic
imprecision and/or mistakes at the end of line:
-20
• > 3 m Line length > 100m
• > 5 m Line length > 500m -25

• > 10 m Line length > 1 km

• Negative pressure will appear in red in the column . To -30

have a positive pressure at the end of the line, you

need to increase the pipe diameter on at least a part -35

of the network or put an Auto Air Vent Ground Profile HGL @ Max HGL @ Design
 B) Real HGL (Design Flow)
• The residual head is calculated using a VBA 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

macro and gives a more accurate representation Realistic HG

of what is happening in reality It considers that -5

the residual head at the end of the pipeline or -10

BP is at 0 and it calculates the HGL from down to

top. If the HGL crosses the ground profile and if -15

there is an air entrance at the high point, then -20

the HGL will follow the ground profile. If no air

entrance, the pressure will be negative. This -25

representation is used to check that there is no -30

negative point on the line

-35

Ground Profile HGL @ Max HGL @ Design

 Negative water pressures
points
• On the graph: the HGL is
0

-5
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

Conventional HGL

going under the ground -10

profile. - On the column : -15

the real residual head is -20

negative and appears in

-25

-30
red -35
Ground Profile HGL @ Max HGL @ Design
• Use different pipe
diameter: Use a fairly
larger pipe diameter on
low slope and reduce the
pipe size diameter on
steep slope. - Add a BP on
a high point, in this case a
BP is always better than an
automatic air vent as it is
more durable
 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
0

C) Real HGL (Max Flow) -5 Conventional HGL

-10

• The residual head is calculated from bottom to top -15

using the maximal allowable flow -20

• This representation is used to check that the pressure -25

in the pipeline never exceeds the nominal pressure (PN) -30

of the pipe. -35

Ground Profile HGL @ Max HGL @ Design

• To solve this problem, several options are possible:

 Change some part of the pipeline to lower diameter in steep
area (more head loss → less pressure)
 Add break pressure box: both the static pressure and the
residual head will be 0 at the BP level.
 Increase the rated PN of the pipe, this modification should
be chosen as the last resort as it will strongly increase the
cost and a special order will have to be made
System Design v1.36 v3 - Bachara
Network 230923.xlsm
.

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION