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Lecture 28

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Lecture 28

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monirul islam
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© © All Rights Reserved
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LECTURE 28

CROSS DRAINAGE
WORKS
By
SUMAIYA JARIN AHAMMED
Senior Lecturer, Department of Civil Engineering
IUBAT – International University of Business Agriculture and Technology
Cross-drainage Works
In an irrigation project, when the network of main
canals, branch canals, distributaries, etc. are
provided, then these canals may have to cross the
natural drainages like rivers, streams, nallahs, etc
at different points within the command area of the
project. The crossing of the canals with such
obstacle cannot be avoided. So, suitable structures
must be constructed at the crossing point for the
easy flow of water of the canal and drainage in the
respective directions. These structures are known
as cross-drainage works.
Necessity of Cross-drainage works
o The water-shed canals do not cross natural drainages. But in actual orientation
of the canal network, this ideal condition may not be available and the obstacles
like natural drainages may be present across the canal. So, the cross drainage
works must be provided for running the irrigation system.

o At the crossing point, the water of the canal and the drainage get intermixed.
So, far the smooth running of the canal with its design discharge the cross
drainage works are required.

o The site condition of the crossing point may be such that without any suitable
structure, the water of the canal and drainage can not be diverted to their natural
directions. So, the cross drainage works must be provided to maintain their
natural direction of flow.
Types of Cross-Drainage Works

Cross-Drainage Works

Irrigation canal passes over the Drainage passes over the Drainage and canal intersection
drainage irrigation canal each other of the same level

Aqueduct Super passage Level Crossing

Siphon aqueduct Siphon super passage Inlet and outlet


Selection of type of cross-drainage
works

 Relative bed levels


 Availability of suitable foundation
 Economical consideration
 Discharge of the drainage
 Construction problems
Aqueduct
The aqueduct is just like a bridge where a canal is taken over the deck supported by piers
instead of a road or railway. Generally, the canal is in the shape of a rectangular trough
which is constructed with reinforced cement concrete. Sometimes, the trough may be of
trapezoidal section.
o An inspection road is provided along the side of the trough.
o The bed and banks of the drainage below the trough is protected by boulder pitching
with cement grouting.
o The section of the trough is designed according to the full supply discharge of the
canal.
o A free board of about 0.50 m should be provided.
o The height and section of piers are designed according to the highest flood level and
velocity of flow of the drainage.
o The piers may be of brick masonry, stone masonry or reinforced cement concrete.
o Deep foundation (like well foundation) is not necessary for the piers. The concrete
foundation may be done by providing the depth of foundation according to the
availability of hard soil.
Aqueduct
Aqueduct
Siphon Aqueduct

The siphon aqueduct, the bed of the drainage is depressed below the bottom level of
the canal trough by providing sloping apron on both sides of the crossing.

o The sloping apron may be constructed by stone pitching or cement concrete.


o The section of the drainage below the canal trough is constructed with cement
concrete in the form of tunnel. This tunnel acts as a siphon.
o Cut off walls are provided on both sides of the apron to prevent scouring.
o Boulder pitching should be provided on the upstream and downstream of the cut-
off walls.
o The other components like canal trough, piers, inspection road, etc. should be
designed according to the methods adopted in case of aqueduct.
Siphon Aqueduct
Super Passage
The super passage is just opposite of the aqueduct. In this case, the bed level
of the drainage is above the fully supply level of the canal. The drainage is
taken through a rectangular or trapezoidal trough of channel which is
constructed on the deck supported by piers.

o The section of the drainage trough depends on the high flood discharge.
o A free board of about 1.5 m should be provided for safety.
o The trough should be constructed of reinforced cement concrete.
o The bed and banks of the canal below the drainage trough should be
protected by boulder pitching or lining with concrete slabs.
o The foundation of the piers will be same as in the case of aqueduct.
Super Passage
Siphon Super Passage
It is just opposite siphon aqueduct. In this case, the canal passes below the
drainage trough. The section of the trough is designed according to high
flood discharge. The bed of the canal is depressed below the bottom level of
the drainage trough by providing sloping apron on both sides of the crossing.

o The sloping apron may be constructed with stone pitching or concrete


slabs.
o The section of the canal below the trough is constructed with cement
concrete in the form of tunnel which acts as siphon.
o Cut-off walls are provided on upstream and downstream side of sloping
apron.
o Other components are same as in the case of siphon aqueduct.
Siphon Super Passage
Level Crossing
The level crossing is an arrangement provided to regulate the flow of water
through the drainage and the canal when they cross each other approximately
at the same bed level. The level crossing consists of the following
components:
 Crest Wall: It is provided across the drainage just at the upstream side of
the crossing point. The top level of the crest wall is kept at the full supply
level of the canal.
 Drainage Regulator: It is provided across the drainage just at the
downstream side of the crossing point. The regulator consists of adjustable
shutters at different tiers.
 Canal Regulator: It is provided across the canal just at the downstream
side of the crossing point. This regulator also consists of adjustable shutters
at different tiers.
Level
Crossing
Inlet and outlet

In the crossing of small drainage with small channel no hydraulic structure is


constructed. Simple openings are provided for the flow of water in their
respective directions. This arrangement is known as inlet and outlet.

o In this system, an inlet is provided in the channel bank simply by open cut
and the drainage water is allowed to join the channel
o At the points of inlet and outlet, the bed and banks of the drainage are
protected by stone pitching.
Inlet and outlet
THANKS

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