Integral Calculus

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Topic

Definite Integral using Indefinite Integral

2
Indefinite Integral
Definition of a Indefinite Integral: If F’(x)=f(x) then F(x) is called an
antiderivative or an indefinite integral of f(x).
In other words, if the derivative of F(x) is f(x) then an antiderivative or an
indefinite integral of f(x) is F(x)

Notation:

Therefore,

 f  x  dx  F  x  means F x   f x 

3
The Definite Integral: Definition
Definition of a Definite Integral If f is a function defined for a ≤ x ≤ b, we
 b  a
divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals of equal width x  n .
We let x0(= a), x1, x2, . . . , xn (= b) be the endpoints of these subintervals and
we let x1*, x2*, . . . , xn* be any sample points in these subintervals, so xi* lies
in the ith subinterval [xi −1, xi ]. Then the definite integral of f from a to b is
𝑛
lim ∑ 𝑓 ( 𝑥∗𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

provided that this limit exists and gives the same value for all possible choices
of sample points. If it does exist, we say that f is integrable on [a, b]. We can
also write the definite integral in the following way

lim
𝑛→ ∞
[ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥+⋯⋯+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥]
∗
1
∗
2
∗
3
∗
𝑛

4
The Definite Integral: Notation

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

5
The Definite Integral: Note

Note 1: The symbol  was introduced by Leibniz and is called an integral

sign.
It is an elongated S and was chosen because an integral is a limit of sums.

In the notation a f  x  dx, f  x  is called the integrand and a and b are called the
b

limits of integration; a is the lower limit and b is the upper limit.

 f  x  dx is all one symbol.

b
For now, the symbol dx has no meaning by itself;
a

The dx simply indicates that the independent variable is x. The procedure of

calculating an integral is called integration.

6
The Definite Integral: Note
 f  x  dx is a number; it does not depend on x.
b
Note 2: The definite integral
a

In fact, we could use any letter in place of x without changing the value of the
integral:
 f  x  dx   f t  dt   f r  dr
b b b

a a a

Note 3: The sum n

 i x
f x
i 1

 

that occurs in Definition 2 is called a Riemann sum after the German

mathematician Bernhard Riemann (1826–1866).

7
 The Definite Integral: Geometric Interpretation
𝑏

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 is the NET area bounded by

𝑎

𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) , 𝑦 =0 , 𝑥=𝑎 , 𝑥=𝑏

𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ,

𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=𝑏
8
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The first part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is the

following.

Using Leibniz notation for derivatives, we can write this

theorem as

when f is continuous.
9
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The second part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

which follows easily from the first part, provides us with a
much simpler method for the evaluation of integrals.

10
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Part 2

Conditions:
• Interval [a,b] is a closed interval
• f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b]

Conclusion:

where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x)

11
 Example
1
Evaluate
∫ ( 4 𝑥 −7 𝑒 + 2 sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥

Solution:
We use rules and basic forms to evaluate the indefinite integral

=
=

=
12
 Example

1
4
¿ 𝑥
𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 +𝐶 ¿ 1
∫ ( 4 𝑥 −7 𝑒 + 2 sin 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 𝑥
−7 −2 cos
0
0

¿ 1 −7 𝑒 −2 cos 1+ 𝐶 − 0+7 +2 −𝐶
¿ 10 −7 𝑒 −2 cos 1
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 Example: Geometric interpretation
𝑦 =0
𝑥=0
𝑥=1

Area bounded by 𝑦 =4 𝑥 −7 𝑒 +2 sin 𝑥 , 𝑦 =0 ,

3 𝑥

𝑥=0 and

3 𝑥
𝑦 =4 𝑥 −7 𝑒 +2 sin 𝑥

14
Example
𝜋 /2
cos 𝜃
Evaluate ∫ 2
sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
𝜋/ 4

Solution:
We use trigonometric identities to rewrite the function before integrating:

cos𝜃 1 cos𝜃
( )( )
∫ 2 𝑑 𝜃=∫ sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑 𝜃
sin 𝜃
¿∫ csc𝜃cot 𝜃𝑑𝜃
¿ − csc 𝜃+ 𝐶

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Example

Since,
Therefore,
𝜋 /2
cos 𝜃 𝜃=𝜋 /2
∫ 2
sin 𝜃
𝑑 𝜃=[ −csc 𝜃 ]
𝜃=𝜋 / 4
𝜋/ 4

¿ − csc ( 𝜋 / 2 ) − ( − csc ( 𝜋 / 4 ) )

¿ −1 + √ 2
16
Example

cos 𝜃
𝑦= 2
sin 𝜃

𝜃=𝜋 / 4 𝑦 =0 𝜃=𝜋 / 2

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 Example
1
Evaluate
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
0

Solution:
We use product rule and basic forms to integrate the given function:

=
=
18
Example

=
5

∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 ¿ ( 5 𝑒5 − 𝑒 5 )− ( 5 𝑒 0 − 𝑒0 )
0

=
= 19
 Example
𝜋
Evaluate
∫ 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥

Solution:
This indefinite integral isn’t immediately apparent in Table 1 & 2, so we use
rules and basic forms to integrate the given function:

=
=
20
Example

+=

= 21
 Example

Therefore,

( )( )
𝜋 𝜋 0
1 1 1 1 0
∫ 𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥¿ − 2 𝑒 cos 𝜋 + 2 𝑒 sin 𝜋 − − 2 𝑒 cos 0+ 2 𝑒 sin 0
𝑥 𝜋

¿( 𝑒 ) ( )
𝜋 𝜋
1 1 1 1
+ 0 − − +0 2
¿ 𝑒 +
2
2 2 22
 Example
10

∫ 𝑥𝑒
2
𝑥
Evaluate 𝑑𝑥
5

Solution1:
In this problem 𝑥 2is a PART of the given function and 𝑥 is a FACTOR and we
know that ( 𝑥 2 )′ = 2 𝑥 . So the derivative of a PART of the given function is a
FACTOR of the given function
Therefore we will try to use substitution rule and basic forms to integrate the
given function:
=
=

23
 Example

=
24
 Example

Therefore,

10
1 10 1 5
∫ 𝑥𝑒 𝑑𝑥 ¿ 2 𝑒 − 2 𝑒
2 2 2
𝑥

1 100 1 25
¿ 𝑒 − 𝑒
2 2

25
 Example
10

∫ 𝑥𝑒
2
𝑥
Evaluate 𝑑𝑥
5

Solution2:
In this problem 𝑥 2is a PART of the given function and 𝑥 is a FACTOR and we
know that ( 𝑥 2 )′ = 2 𝑥 . So the derivative of a PART of the given function is a
FACTOR of the given function
Therefore we will try to use substitution rule and basic forms to integrate the
given function:
=
=
If=100
26
 Example

=
27
Example

Evaluate .

Solution:
Let u = 2x + 1. Then du = 2 dx, so dx = du.

To find the new limits of integration we note that

when x = 0, u = 2(0) + 1 = 1

and

when x = 4, u = 2(4) + 1 = 9
28
Example

Therefore

29
Example – Solution
cont’d

Observe that we do not return to the variable x after

integrating. We simply evaluate the expression in u between
the appropriate values of u.

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Symmetry
The following theorem uses the Substitution Rule for Definite
Integrals to simplify the calculation of integrals of functions
that possess symmetry properties.

31
Symmetry
Theorem 6 is illustrated by Figure 2.

Figure 2

For the case where f is positive and even, part (a) says that
the area under y = f (x) from –a to a is twice the area from
0 to a because of symmetry.

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Symmetry

Recall that an integral can be expressed as the

area above the x-axis and below y = f (x) minus the area
below the axis and above the curve.

Thus part (b) says the integral is 0 because the areas

cancel.

33
Example 8
Since f (x) = x6 + 1 satisfies f (–x) = f (x), it is even and so

34
Example 9
Since f (x) = (tan x)/(1 + x2 + x4) satisfies f (–x) = –f (x), it is
odd and so

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