Integral Calculus

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

 Applications of
Integration

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

Today’s Topic

Volume

3
What do we need to know

• Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

• Basic idea to find the volume
• Types of solids
• Volume of washer/disk and cylindrical shell
• Generating a solid by revolving a region
about an axis

4
The Definite Integral: Definition
Definition of a Definite Integral If f is a function defined for a ≤ x ≤ b, we
 b  a
divide the interval [a, b] into n subintervals of equal width x  n .
We let x0(= a), x1, x2, . . . , xn (= b) be the endpoints of these subintervals and
we let x1*, x2*, . . . , xn* be any sample points in these subintervals, so xi* lies
in the ith subinterval [xi −1, xi ]. Then the definite integral of f from a to b is
𝑛
lim ∑ 𝑓 ( 𝑥∗𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

provided that this limit exists and gives the same value for all possible choices
of sample points. If it does exist, we say that f is integrable on [a, b]. We can
also write the definite integral in the following way

lim
𝑛→ ∞
[ 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥+⋯⋯+ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) ∆ 𝑥]
∗
1
∗
2
∗
3
∗
𝑛

5
 The Definite Integral: Geometric Interpretation
𝑏

∫ 𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥 is the NET area bounded by

𝑎

𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥 ) , 𝑦 =0 , 𝑥=𝑎 , 𝑥=𝑏

𝑦 = 𝑓 ( 𝑥) ,

𝑥=𝑎 𝑥=𝑏
6
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The first part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus is the

following.

Using Leibniz notation for derivatives, we can write this

theorem as

when f is continuous.
7
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

The second part of the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus,

which follows easily from the first part, provides us with a
much simpler method for the evaluation of integrals.

8
The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus: Part 2

Conditions:
• Interval [a,b] is a closed interval
• f is continuous on the closed interval [a,b]

Conclusion:

where F(x) is an antiderivative of f(x)

9
 Volumes

Copyright © Cengage Learning. All rights reserved.

10
Volumes: how to find the volume
To find the volume of a solid:
1.Cut the solid into small pieces
2.Find the volume of all small pieces
3.Add the volume of all those pieces. This will give
the approximate volume
4.To find the exact volume, we take the limit as the
number of pieces goes to infinity or the limit as the
volume of each small piece goes to zero. 11
Volumes

In trying to find the volume of a solid we face the same type

of problem as in finding areas.

We have an intuitive idea of what volume means, but we

must make this idea precise by using calculus to give an
exact definition of volume.

12
Volumes: Cylinder
We start with a simple type of solid called a cylinder (or, more
precisely, a right cylinder).

𝐵2
As illustrated in Figure 1(a)
h
or in1(b), a cylinder is bounded
𝐵1
by a plane region B1, called the
base, and a congruent (aa) Cylinder
region B2 in a parallel plane. Figure 1(a) Figure 1(aa)

The cylinder consists of all points on line segments that are

perpendicular to the base and join B1 to B2. If the area of the base is A
and the height of the cylinder (the distance from B1 to B2) is h, then the
volume V of the cylinder is defined as V = Ah 13
Volumes: Circular Cylinder and Parallelepiped
In particular, if the base is a circle with radius r, then the
cylinder is a circular cylinder with volume V = r2h [see
Figure 1(b)], and if the base is a rectangle with length l and
width w, then the cylinder is a rectangular box (also called a
rectangular parallelepiped) with volume V = lwh
[see Figure 1(c)].

Figure 1(b) Figure 1(c)

14
Volumes

𝑅
𝑟

𝑉 ¿ 𝜋 𝑅 h− 𝜋 𝑟 h
2 2

𝑉 = 𝜋 𝑅 −𝑟 ) h
( 2 2
15
Volumes: Remember

𝐵2

h
𝐵1

Cylinder 𝑉 = 𝜋 ( 𝑅 2 −𝑟 2 ) h

16
Volumes

𝑉 ¿ 𝐴h

17
Volumes

𝐴
𝐴
h ∆h
𝐴

𝑉 ¿ 𝐴h 𝑉=𝐴∆h

18
Volumes

𝑅
𝑟 ∆h

2 2
∆ 𝑉 =𝜋 ( 𝑅 −𝑟 ) ∆ h

19
Volumes

∆𝑡
𝑅≈𝑟
h

∆ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ( 𝑅2− 𝑟 2) h

¿ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 +𝑟 ) ( 𝑅 −𝑟 ) h

≈ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 + 𝑅) ∆ 𝑡 h

¿ 2 𝜋 𝑅h ∆𝑡 20
 Volumes: Remember

𝐴
∆h

Slab Disk or washer Cylindrical Shell

𝑉=𝐴∆h 2 2
∆ 𝑉 =𝜋 ( 𝑅 −𝑟 ) ∆ h ∆ 𝑉 =2 𝜋 𝑅h ∆ 𝑡

In this course we will cut a solid into one of these

three small pieces
21
Volumes

Slabs

Disk or washer

Cylindrical Shell

22
Volumes
There are some solids which can be generated by
revolving a region about an axis. We can cut those solids
into disks/washers and we can also cut them into
cylindrical shells.

23
Volume of a solid: cross section method

∗
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 = 𝐴𝑖 ∆ h

𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑖 ∑ 𝑖 ∆h
∆ 𝑉 = 𝐴 ∗

𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 𝐴 ∗
𝑖 ∆h
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞
𝑖=1

𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 𝐴( h) 𝑑h
𝑎

24
Volume of a solid: disk/washer method

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 (𝑅∗2
𝑖 − 𝑟 ∗2
𝑖 )∆ h

𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑖 ∑ 𝑖 𝑖 )∆ h
∆ 𝑉 = 𝜋( 𝑅 ∗2
−𝑟 ∗2

𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 𝜋 (𝑅 ∗2
𝑖
∗2
−𝑟 )∆ h
𝑖
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞
𝑖=1

𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 (h)2 −𝑟 ( h)2) 𝑑h
𝑎

25
Volume of a solid: cylindrical shell method

∗ ∗
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑅𝑖 h𝑖 ∆ 𝑡

𝑛 𝑛

∑ 𝑖 ∑ 𝑖 h𝑖 ∆𝑡
∆ 𝑉 = 2 𝜋 𝑅∗ ∗

𝑖=1 𝑖=1

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 2 𝜋 𝑅 h ∆ 𝑡 ∗ ∗
𝑖 𝑖
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑡 ) h(𝑡 ) 𝑑𝑡
𝑎

26
How to find the volume by disk/washer or shell method

Step 1: Sketch the region and find all the points of intersections
Step 2: Choose a method (disk/washer or cylindrical shell) and split the appropriate axis.
For disk/washer method split the axis of rotation and for cylindrical shell method split the
perpendicular axis of the axis of rotation
Step 3: Draw at least one (may be more than one, if needed) disk/washer or cylindrical shell
Step 4: Label the radius of all the circle(s) and the height of cylinder(s).
Step 5: Write the formula that you need.
• For disk/washer method: ∆ 𝑉 =𝜋 ( 𝑅 −𝑟 ) ∆ h
2 2

• For cylindrical shell method: ∆ 𝑉 =2 𝜋 𝑅h ∆ 𝑡

Step 6: Write the expression in terms of one variable
Step 7: Take the sum and then the limit
Step 8: Integrate to find the volume

27
Remember

The perpendicular distance of a point from

x-axis is denoted by y

The perpendicular distance of a point from y-

axis is denoted by x

28
Volumes: Sphere by revolving a semicircle

𝑅 Axis of ration

Perpendicular axis to
the axis of rotation

If we revolve the region R about x axis then we get a sphere where R is the region
bounded by semicircle and x-axis

29
Volumes: Sphere by revolving a semicircle

Perpendicular Axis
of axis of rotation
𝑅

Axis of rotation

If we revolve the region R about y axis then we get a sphere where R is the region
bounded by semicircle and y-axis

30
Volumes: Cone by revolving a triangle

If we revolve the region R about y axis then we get a cone where R is the region
bounded by and y-axis

31
Volumes: not by revolving a region

We cannot generate this rectangular box by revolving any region by an axis.

32
Volumes: Sphere by revolving a semicircle

𝑅 Axis of ration

Perpendicular axis to
the axis of rotation

If we revolve the region R about x axis then we get a sphere where R is the region
bounded by semicircle and x-axis

33
Volume of a solid by revolution(disk/washer)

Animation Source: https://www.mathdemos.org/

34
Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R
about y-axis where R is the region bounded by and (Use
disk/washer method)
(1 , 1)
2
𝑥1 = 𝑦

𝑟 = 𝑥1 𝑥 2= √ 𝑦

𝑅= 𝑥 2
𝑟 = 𝑥1
𝑅= 𝑥 2

(0 , 0)

35
Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)
Solution1: 𝑥= 𝑦
2
(1 , 1)

𝑟¿ 𝑥 ¿ 𝑦 2 𝑥=√ 𝑦

𝑅¿ 𝑥 ¿ √ 𝑦

(0 , 0)

𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 ( 𝑦 )2 −𝑟 ( 𝑦 )2) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( √ 𝑦 ) − ( 𝑦 ) ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2 2

0 36
Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)
1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( √ 𝑦 ) − ( 𝑦 ) ) 𝑑𝑦
2
2 2

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
4

[ ]
2 5 1
𝑦 𝑦 3𝜋
𝑉 =𝜋 − =
2 5 0 10

37
Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)
Solution2: 𝑥1 = 𝑦
2

𝑟 𝑖 = 𝑥 1𝑖 𝑥 2= √ 𝑦

𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 2 𝑖

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 ( 𝑅2𝑖 −𝑟 2𝑖 ) ∆ h

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 ( 𝑥 2 𝑖 − 𝑥 1𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑦
2 2

38
Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 ( 𝑥 2 𝑖 − 𝑥 1𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑦
2 2

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 𝜋 ( 𝑥 2𝑖 − 𝑥 1 𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑦
2 2

𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( √ 𝑦 ) − ( 𝑦 ) ) 𝑑𝑦
22 2

[ ]
2 5 1
𝑦 𝑦 3𝜋
𝑉 =𝜋 − =
2 5 0 10

39
Volume of a solid by revolution(Cylindrical shell)

Animation Source: https://www.mathdemos.org/

40
Volumes of solid by revolution (Shell method)
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R
about y-axis where R is the region bounded by and (Use
cylindrical shell method)

𝑦 2𝑖 = √ 𝑥

h 2𝑖 = 𝑦 2 𝑖 𝑦 1= 𝑥
2

h 2𝑖 = 𝑦 2 𝑖

h 2𝑖 = 𝑦 1𝑖
h 2𝑖 = 𝑦 1𝑖

41
Volumes of solid by revolution (Shell method)
Solution1: (1 , 1)

𝑦 =√ 𝑥

h 2= 𝑦 = √ 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥2
h ( 𝑥 )=h 2 ( 𝑥 ) − h1 ( 𝑥 )= √ 𝑥 − 𝑥
2

𝑅=𝑥 2
h 1= 𝑦 = 𝑥

(0 , 0)

𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑥 ) h( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

42
Volumes of solid by revolution (Shell method)
𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑥 ) h( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑥 ( √ 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

[ ]
5/ 2 4 1
2𝑥 𝑥 3𝜋
𝑉 =2 𝜋 − =
5 4 0 10

43
Volumes of solid by revolution (Shell method)
Solution2:
𝑦 2= √ 𝑥

h 2𝑖 = 𝑦 2 𝑖 𝑦 1= 𝑥
2

𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖
h 1𝑖 = 𝑦 1𝑖

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑅𝑖 h𝑖 ∆ 𝑡
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑅𝑖 ( h2 𝑖 −h 1𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑥𝑖 ( 𝑦 2 𝑖 − 𝑦 1𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥 44
Volumes of solid by revolution (Shell method)
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑥𝑖 ( 𝑦 2 𝑖 − 𝑦 1𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 2 𝜋 𝑥 𝑖 ( 𝑦 2𝑖 − 𝑦 1 𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑥 ( 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 ) 𝑑𝑥
0

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑥 ( √ 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

[ ]
5/ 2 4 1
2𝑥 𝑥 3𝜋
𝑉 =2 𝜋 − =
5 4 0 10
45
Volume of a solid by revolution(disk/washer)

Animation Source: https://www.mathdemos.org/

46
Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R
about x-axis where R is the region bounded by and (Use
disk/washer method)

𝑅= 𝑦 2

𝑟 =𝑦1

47
Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)

Solution1: and intersects at (0,0) and (1,1)

𝑦 =√ 𝑥
(1 , 1) 2
𝑅¿ 𝑦¿ √ 𝑥 𝑦 =𝑥

𝑟 ¿ 𝑦¿ 𝑥 2
(0 , 0)

𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 ( 𝑥)2 −𝑟 ( 𝑥 )2) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

48
Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)
𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 ( 𝑥) −𝑟 ( 𝑥 ) ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( √ 𝑥 ) − ( 𝑥 2 ) ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
4

[ ]
2 5 1
𝑥 𝑥 3𝜋
𝑉 =𝜋 − =
2 5 0 10

49
Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)

Solution2: and intersects at (0,0) and (1,1)

𝑦 2= √ 𝑥

𝑅= 𝑦 2 𝑦 1= 𝑥
2

𝑟 =𝑦1

∆ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ( 𝑅2− 𝑟 2) ∆ h

∆ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ( 𝑦 22 − 𝑦 12 ) ∆ 𝑥
50
Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)
∆ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ( 𝑦 22 − 𝑦 12 ) ∆ 𝑥

lim ∑ ∆𝑉 = lim ∑ 𝜋 ( 𝑦 22 − 𝑦 21 ) ∆ 𝑥
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑛 →∞

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
4

[ ]
2 5 1
𝑥 𝑥 3𝜋
𝑉 =𝜋 − =
2 5 0 10

51
Volumes of solid by revolution (Shell method)
Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R
about x-axis where R is the region bounded by and (Use
cylindrical shell method)

2
𝑥1 = 𝑦

h 1= 𝑥1 𝑥 2= √ 𝑦

h 2= 𝑥 2

𝑅=𝑦

52
 Volumes of solid by revolution (shell method)
2 (1 , 1)
𝑥= 𝑦
Solution1:
h 1¿ 𝑥 ¿ 𝑦 2 𝑥=√ 𝑦

h 2¿ 𝑥 ¿ √ 𝑦

𝑅=𝑦
(0 , 0)

h ( 𝑦 ) = h2 ( 𝑦 ) − h1 ( 𝑦 ) = √ 𝑦 − 𝑦
2

𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑦 ) h( 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎

53
Volumes of solid by revolution (shell method)
𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑦 ) h( 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑦 ( √ 𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
2

[ ]
5/ 2 4 1
2𝑦 𝑦 3𝜋
𝑉 =2 𝜋 − =
5 4 0 10

54
 Volumes of solid by revolution (shell method)
2
𝑥1 = 𝑦
Solution2:
h 1= 𝑥1 𝑥 2= √ 𝑦

h 2= 𝑥 2

𝑅=𝑦

∆ 𝑉 =2 𝜋 𝑅h ∆ 𝑡
∆ 𝑉 =2 𝜋 𝑅 ( h 2 − h1 ) ∆ 𝑦

∆ 𝑉 =2 𝜋 𝑦 ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 ) ∆ 𝑦 55
Volumes of solid by revolution (shell method)
∆ 𝑉 =2 𝜋 𝑦 ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 ) ∆ 𝑦

∆ 𝑉 =2 𝜋 𝑦 ( √ 𝑦 − 𝑦 2 ) ∆ 𝑦

lim ∑ ∆𝑉 = lim ∑ 2 𝜋 𝑦 ( √ 𝑦 − 𝑦 ) ∆ 𝑦
2

𝑛→ ∞ 𝑛 →∞

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑦 ( √ 𝑦 − 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
2

[ ]
5/ 2 4 1
2𝑦 𝑦 3𝜋
𝑉 =2 𝜋 − =
5 4 0 10
56
Example2: Volume of a solid by revolution(disk/washer)

Animation Source: https://www.mathdemos.org/

57
Example2: Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R

about y-axis where R is the region bounded by , , and (Use
disk/washer method)

𝑥1 =√ 𝑦 −1(1 , 2)
𝑟 1 𝑖 = 𝑥1 𝑖 𝑥 2=1

𝑅1 𝑖 =𝑥 2𝑖
(0 ,1)

𝑟 2 𝑖 =0 𝑅 2𝑖 = 𝑥 2𝑖 =1

58
Example2: Solution by disk/washer method
Solution1: +1 and intersects at (1,2). Also +1 and 0 intersects at
(0,1)

𝑥=√ 𝑦 −1 (1 , 2)
𝑟 1 =𝑥 =√ 𝑦 −1
𝑅1 = 𝑥=1 𝑥=1
(0 ,1)

𝑟 2 =0 𝑅 2= 𝑥=1

2
𝑉 1=∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 1( 𝑥 ) − 𝑟 1 ( 𝑥) ) 𝑑𝑥 For
2 2

1
𝑉 2=∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 2 ( 𝑥) −𝑟 2 ( 𝑥) ) 𝑑𝑥 For 1
2 2

0 59
Example2:Solution
𝑉 =𝑉 1 +𝑉 2

2 1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 1 ( 𝑥) − 𝑟 1 ( 𝑥) ) 𝑑𝑥 +∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 2( 𝑥 ) −𝑟 2 ( 𝑥) ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2 2

1 0

2 1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 1 − ( √ 𝑦 −1 ) ) 𝑑 𝑦 +∫ 𝜋 ( 1 − 0 ) 𝑑𝑦
2 22 2

1 0

2 1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 1 −( 𝑦 −1) ) 𝑑 𝑦 +∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑦
1 0

[ ]
2 2
𝑦 1 3𝜋
𝑉 =𝜋 2 𝑦 − + 𝜋 [ 𝑦 ] 0=
2 1 2

60
Example2: Solution by disk/washer method
Solution2: +1 and intersects at (1,2). Also +1 and 0 intersects at
(0,1)

𝑥1 =√ 𝑦 −1(1 , 2)
𝑟 1 𝑖 = 𝑥1 𝑖 𝑥 2=1

𝑅1 𝑖 =𝑥 2𝑖
(0 ,1)

𝑟 2 𝑖 =0 𝑅 2𝑖 = 𝑥 2𝑖 =1

∆ 𝑉 1= 𝜋 ( 𝑅 2 −𝑟 2 ) ∆ h= 𝜋 ( 𝑥22 𝑖 − 𝑥 21𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑦 For

∆ 𝑉 2 = 𝜋 ( 𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) ∆ h= 𝜋 ( 12 − 02 ) ∆ 𝑦 For 1
61
Example2:Solution
∆ 𝑉 =∆ 𝑉 1 +∆ 𝑉 2

lim ∑ ∆𝑉 = lim ∑ ∆𝑉 1 + lim ∑ ∆𝑉 2

𝑛→ ∞ 𝑛 →∞ 𝑛→ ∞

2 1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑 𝑦 +∫ 𝜋 ( 1 − 0 ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2 2 2
2 1
1 0
2 1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 1 −( 𝑦 −1) ) 𝑑 𝑦 +∫ 𝜋 𝑑𝑦
1 0

[ ]
2
𝑦2 1 3𝜋
𝑉 =𝜋 2 𝑦 − + 𝜋 [ 𝑦 ] 0=
2 1 2

62
Example2: Volume of a solid by revolution(cylindrical shell)

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63
Example2: Volumes of solid by revolution (Cylindrical shell method)

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R

about y-axis where R is the region bounded by , , and (Use
Cylindrical Shell method)

(1 , 2)
2
𝑦 =𝑥 + 1
𝑥=1

(0 ,1)
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖 h 𝑖= 𝑦 𝑖 h 𝑖= 𝑦 𝑖
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖

(0 , 0) (1 , 0)

64
Example2: Solution by cylindrical shell method
Solution1: +1 and intersects at (1,2). Also +1 and 0 intersects at
(0,1)

(1 , 2)
2
𝑦 =𝑥 + 1

𝑥=1
(0 ,1)
2
h= 𝑦= 𝑥 + 1
𝑥=0 𝑅=𝑥

(0 , 0) 𝑦 =0 (1 , 0)
𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑥 ) h( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

65
Example2: Solution
𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑥 ) h( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑥 ( 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
2

[ ]
5/ 2 4 1
2𝑥 𝑥 3𝜋
𝑉 =2 𝜋 − =
5 4 0 2

66
Example2: Solution by cylindrical shell method
Solution2: +1 and intersects at (1,2). Also +1 and 0 intersects at
(0,1)

(1 , 2)
2
𝑦 =𝑥 + 1

(0 ,1)
h= 𝑦 𝑖
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑅𝑖 h𝑖 ∆ 𝑡
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑥𝑖 𝑦 𝑖 ∆ 𝑥
67
Example2: Solution
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑥𝑖 𝑦 𝑖 ∆ 𝑥

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 2 𝜋 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 ∆ 𝑥
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
0

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑥 ( 𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
2

[ ]
5/ 2 4 1
2𝑥 𝑥 3𝜋
𝑉 =2 𝜋 − =
5 4 0 2
68
Example3: Volume of a solid by revolution(disk/washer)

iAnimation Source: https://www.mathdemos.org/

69
Example3: Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R

about x-axis where R is the region bounded by , 1, (Use
disk/washer method)
1
(0 ,1) (1 , 1)

2
𝑦 1= 𝑥

𝑟 𝑖 = 𝑦 1𝑖 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑦 2 𝑖
(0 , 0)

70
Example3: Solution by disk/washer method

Solution1: and intersects at (1,1).

1
Also and 0 intersects at (0,0)
(1 , 1)

2
𝑦 =𝑥
𝑦 =0

2
𝑟 =𝑦 =𝑥 𝑅=𝑦 =1
(0 , 0)

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 ( 𝑥) −𝑟 ( 𝑥 ) ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

71
Example3: Solution

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 ( 𝑥) −𝑟 ( 𝑥 ) ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 1 − ( 𝑥 ) ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2

[ ]
5 1
𝑥 4𝜋
𝑉 =𝜋 𝑥 − =
5 0 5

72
Example3: Solution by disk/washer method

Solution2: and intersects at (1,1).

1
Also and 0 intersects at (0,0)
(1 , 1)

2
𝑦 1= 𝑥

𝑟 𝑖 = 𝑦 1𝑖 𝑅𝑖 = 𝑦 2 𝑖
(0 , 0)

∆ 𝑉 = 𝜋 ( 𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) ∆ h= 𝜋 ( 𝑦 22𝑖 − 𝑦 21 𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥 For 1

73
Example3: Solution

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 ( 𝑦 2 𝑖 − 𝑦 1 𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥
2 2

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 𝜋 ( 𝑦2 𝑖− 𝑦1 𝑖) ∆ 𝑥
2 2

𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 1 − ( 𝑥 ) ) 𝑑𝑥
2 2 2

[ ]
5 1
𝑥 4𝜋
𝑉 =𝜋 𝑥 − =
5 0 5

74
Example3: Volumes of solid by revolution (cylindrical shell method)

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R

about x-axis where R is the region bounded by , 1, (Use
Cylindrical Shell method)

(1 , 1)

𝑥𝑖 = √ 𝑦
h 𝑖= 𝑥 𝑖

𝑅𝑖 = 𝑦 𝑖

(0 , 0)

75
Example3: Solution by cylindrical shell method

Solution1: and intersects at (1,1). Also and 0 intersects at (0,0)

𝑦 =1 (1 , 1)

𝑥=0 𝑥=√ 𝑦

h= 𝑥=√ 𝑦

𝑅=𝑦

(0 , 0)

𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑦 ) h( 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
𝑎

76
Example3: Solution

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑦 ) h( 𝑦 ) 𝑑𝑦
0

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑦 √ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0

[ ]
5 /2 1
𝑦 4𝜋
𝑉 =2 𝜋 =
5 0 5

77
Example3: Solution by cylindrical shell method

Solution2: and intersects at (1,1). Also and 0 intersects at (0,0)

(1 , 1)

𝑥𝑖 = √ 𝑦
h 𝑖= 𝑥 𝑖

𝑅𝑖 = 𝑦 𝑖

(0 , 0)

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑅𝑖 h𝑖 ∆ 𝑡
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑦 𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 ∆ 𝑦
78
Example3: Solution

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑦 𝑖 𝑥 𝑖 ∆ 𝑦
𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 2𝜋 𝑦 𝑖 𝑥𝑖 ∆ 𝑦
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1
1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑦𝑥𝑑 𝑦
0

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑦 √ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
0

[ ]
5/ 2 1
2𝑥 4𝜋
𝑉 =2 𝜋 =
5 0 5

79
Example4: Volume of a solid by revolution(disk/washer)

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80
Example4: Volumes of solid by revolution (cylindrical shell method)

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R

about y-axis where R is the region bounded by , , (Use Cylindrical
Shell method)

𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖 h 𝑖= 𝑦 𝑖

81
Example4: Volumes of solid by revolution (cylindrical shell method)

Solution1: , and intersects at and for

𝑅=𝑥 h= 𝑦=sin ⁡( 𝑥)

(0 , 0) (0 , 𝜋 )

𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑥 ) h( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
82
Example4: Solution
𝑏
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑅 ( 𝑥 ) h( 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑎

𝜋
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋
𝑉 = 2 𝜋 [ − 𝑥 cos ( 𝑥 ) +sin ⁡( 𝑥) ] 0 =2 𝜋
2

83
Example4: Volumes of solid by revolution (cylindrical shell method)

Solution2: , and intersects at and for

𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖 h 𝑖= 𝑦 𝑖

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑅𝑖 h𝑖 ∆ 𝑡
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑥𝑖 𝑦 𝑖 ∆ 𝑥 84
Example4: Solution
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑥𝑖 𝑦 𝑖 ∆ 𝑥

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 2 𝜋 𝑥𝑖 𝑦𝑖 ∆ 𝑥
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

𝜋
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
0

𝜋
𝑉 = 2 𝜋 [ − 𝑥 cos ( 𝑥 ) +sin ⁡( 𝑥) ] 0 =2 𝜋
2

85
Example4: Volumes of solid by revolution (disk/washer method)

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R

about y-axis where R is the region bounded by , , (Use
disk/washer method)

−1
𝑥1 =sin 𝑦 𝑥 2= 𝜋 − sin
−1
𝑦
𝑟 𝑖 = 𝑥 1𝑖 h 𝑖= 𝑦 𝑖

𝑅𝑖 =𝑥 2 𝑖

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 ( 𝑅𝑖 −𝑟 𝑖 ) ∆ h
2 2

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 ( 𝑥 22 𝑖 − 𝑥 21𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑦 86
Example4: Volumes of solid by revolution (disk/washer method)

Solution1: , and intersects at and for

−1
𝑥1 =sin 𝑦 −1
𝑥=𝜋 − sin 𝑦
−1
𝑟 = 𝑥=sin 𝑦

−1
𝑅= 𝑥= 𝜋 − sin 𝑦

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 ( 𝑦 ) −𝑟 ( 𝑦 ) ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2

0 87
Example4: Solution

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑅 ( 𝑦 ) −𝑟 ( 𝑦 ) ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( π − sin 𝑦 ) ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑦 ) − ( sin
−1 −1

2
𝑉 =2 𝜋

88
Example4: Volumes of solid by revolution (disk/washer method)

Solution2: , and intersects at and for

−1
𝑥1 =sin 𝑦 𝑥 2= 𝜋 − sin
−1
𝑦
𝑟 𝑖 = 𝑥 1𝑖 h 𝑖= 𝑦 𝑖

𝑅𝑖 =𝑥 2 𝑖

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 ( 𝑅𝑖 −𝑟 𝑖 ) ∆ h
2 2

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 ( 𝑥 22 𝑖 − 𝑥 21𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑦 89
Example4: Solution

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 ( 𝑥 2 𝑖 − 𝑥 1𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑦
2 2

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 𝜋 ( 𝑥 2𝑖 − 𝑥 1 𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑦
2 2

𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 1 ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( π − sin 𝑦 ) ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2
𝑦 ) − ( sin
−1 −1

2
𝑉 =2 𝜋

90
Example5: Volume of a solid by revolution(disk/washer)

Animation Source: https://www.mathdemos.org/

91
Example5: Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R

about x=-1 where R is the region bounded by and (Use
disk/washer method)
(1 , 1)
2
𝑥=−1 𝑥1 = 𝑦

𝑟 𝑖 = 𝑥 1𝑖 + 1 𝑥 2= √ 𝑦

𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 +1

(0 , 0)

92
Example5: Solution

𝑦
Solution: (1 , 1)
2
𝑥=−1 𝑥1 = 𝑦

𝑟 𝑖 = 𝑥 1𝑖 + 1 𝑥 2= √ 𝑦

𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 2 𝑖 +1

𝑥
(0 , 0)

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =𝜋 ( 𝑅2𝑖 −𝑟 2𝑖 ) ∆ h

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 = 𝜋 ( ( 𝑥 2 𝑖 +1 )2 − ( 𝑥 1 𝑖 +1 )2 ) ∆ 𝑦

93
Example5: Solution

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 = 𝜋 ( ( 𝑥 2 𝑖 +1 )2 − ( 𝑥 1 𝑖 +1 )2 ) ∆ 𝑦

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 𝜋 (( 𝑥 2 𝑖 +1 ) − ( 𝑥1 𝑖 +1 ) ) ∆ 𝑦
2 2

𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( 𝑥 2 𝑖 +1 ) − ( 𝑥1 𝑖 +1 ) )
2 2
𝑑𝑦
0

1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( √ 𝑦 +1 ) − ( 𝑦 +1 ) ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2 2

29 𝜋
𝑉=
30

94
Example5: Volumes of solid by revolution (Shell method)

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R

about x=-1 where R is the region bounded by and (Use
cylindrical shell method)
(1 , 1)
𝑦 2= √ 𝑥
𝑥=−1
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖 +1
h 2𝑖 = 𝑦 2 𝑖 𝑦 1= 𝑥
2

h 1𝑖 = 𝑦 1𝑖

(0 , 0)

95
Example5:Solution
Solution:
𝑦 2= √ 𝑥
𝑥=−1
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖 +1
h 2𝑖 = 𝑦 2 𝑖 𝑦 1= 𝑥
2

h 1𝑖 = 𝑦 1𝑖

(0 , 0)

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑅𝑖 h𝑖 ∆ 𝑡
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑅𝑖 ( h2 𝑖 −h 1𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋(𝑥 ¿¿ 𝑖+ 1) ( 𝑦 2 𝑖 − 𝑦 1 𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥 ¿ 96
Example5: Solution
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋(𝑥 ¿¿ 𝑖+ 1) ( 𝑦 2 𝑖 − 𝑦 1 𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥 ¿

𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 2 𝜋 (𝑥 𝑖 +1) ( 𝑦 2 𝑖 − 𝑦 1𝑖 ) ∆ 𝑥
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1
1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 ( 𝑥+ 1) ( 𝑦 2 − 𝑦 1 ) 𝑑𝑥
0

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 ( 𝑥+ 1) ( √ 𝑥 − 𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2

29 29 𝜋
𝑉 =2 𝜋 =
60 30
97
Example6: Volumes of solid by revolution (disk method)

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R

about x=-5 where R is the region bounded by , , and (Use
disk/washer method)

𝑥1 =√ 𝑦 −1(1 , 2)
𝑟 1 𝑖 = 𝑥1 𝑖 +5 𝑥 2=1
x=−5
𝑅1 𝑖 = 𝑥 2𝑖 + 5
(0 ,1)

𝑟 2 𝑖 =0
𝑅 2𝑖 = 𝑥 2𝑖 +5=6
(0 , 0) (1 , 0)

98
Example6: Solution by disk/washer method
Solution: +1 and intersects at (1,2). Also +1 and 0 intersects at
(0,1)

𝑥1 =√ 𝑦 −1(1 , 2)
𝑟 1 𝑖 = 𝑥1 𝑖 +5 𝑥 2=1
x=−5
𝑅1 𝑖 = 𝑥 2𝑖 + 5
(0 ,1)

𝑟 2 𝑖 =0 𝑅 2𝑖 = 𝑥 2𝑖 +5=6

∆ 𝑉 1= 𝜋 ( 𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) ∆ h= 𝜋 ( ( 𝑥 2 𝑖 +5 ) 2 − ( 𝑥1 𝑖 +5 )2 ) ∆ 𝑦 For

∆ 𝑉 2 = 𝜋 ( 𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) ∆ h= 𝜋 ( 6 2 − 5 2 ) ∆ 𝑦 For 1
99
Example6:Solution
∆ 𝑉 =∆ 𝑉 1 +∆ 𝑉 2

lim ∑ ∆𝑉 = lim ∑ ∆𝑉 1 + lim ∑ ∆𝑉 2

𝑛→ ∞ 𝑛 →∞ 𝑛→ ∞

2 1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( ( 𝑥 2 +5 ) − ( 𝑥 1+5 ) ) 𝑑 𝑦 +∫ 𝜋 ( 6 −5 ) 𝑑𝑦
2 2 2 2

1 0
2 1
𝑉 =∫ 𝜋 ( 6 − ( √ 𝑦 −1+ 5 ) ) 𝑑 𝑦 +∫ 11 𝜋 𝑑𝑦
2 2

1 0

89 𝜋
𝑉=
6

100
Example6: Volumes of solid by revolution (Cylindrical shell method)

Find the volume of the solid generated by revolving the region R

about y-axis where R is the region bounded by , , and (Use
Cylindrical Shell method)

(1 , 2)
2
𝑦 =𝑥 + 1
𝑥=1

(0 ,1)
h 𝑖= 𝑦 𝑖
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖 +5

(0 , 0) (1 , 0)

101
Example6: Solution by cylindrical shell method
Solution: +1 and intersects at (1,2). Also +1 and 0 intersects at
(0,1)

(1 , 2)
2
𝑦 =𝑥 + 1
𝑥=1

(0 ,1)
h 𝑖= 𝑦 𝑖
𝑅𝑖 = 𝑥 𝑖 +5

(0 , 0) (1 , 0)

∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋 𝑅𝑖 h𝑖 ∆ 𝑡
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋(𝑥 ¿¿𝑖+5) 𝑦 𝑖 ∆ 𝑥 ¿
102
Example6: Solution
∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =2 𝜋(𝑥 ¿¿𝑖+5) 𝑦 𝑖 ∆ 𝑥 ¿
𝑛 𝑛
lim ∑ ∆ 𝑉 𝑖 =lim ∑ 2𝜋 (𝑥¿¿𝑖+5) 𝑦 𝑖 ∆ 𝑥 ¿
𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1 𝑛→ ∞ 𝑖=1

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 ( 𝑥+ 5) 𝑦𝑑𝑥
0

1
𝑉 =∫ 2 𝜋 ( 𝑥+ 5)( 𝑥 +1) 𝑑𝑥
2

89 89 𝜋
𝑉 =2 𝜋 =
12 6
103
Finding Volume Using Cross-Sectional Area

104
Finding Volume Using Cross-Sectional Area
We now find the volumes of solids that are not solids of revolution but whose
cross-sections have areas that are readily computable.

105
Example 7
Figure 12 shows a solid with a circular base of radius 1. Parallel cross-sections
perpendicular to the base are equilateral triangles. Find the volume of the solid.

Computer-generated picture of the solid in Example 7

Figure 12

106
Example 7 – Solution
Let’s take the circle to be x2 + y2 = 1. The solid, its base, and a typical cross-
section at a distance x from the origin are shown in Figure 13.

Figure 13

107
Example 7 – Solution
Since B lies on the circle, we have and so the base of the triangle
ABC is

Since the triangle is equilateral, we see from Figure 13(c) that its height is
The cross-sectional area is therefore

108
Example 7 – Solution
And the volume of the solid is

109