GENDER AND

DEVELOPMENT

“SEX IS A BIOLOGICAL
CHARACTERISTICS;
GENDER IS A SOCIAL
CHARACTERISTICS.”

By: Alecze Amoroso

Mary Chris Punzalan
Patrica Milliza Recio
WHAT IS GENDER?

 Gender refers to the characteristics of women, men, girls

and boys that are socially constructed. This includes
norms, behaviors and roles associated with being a
woman, man, girl or boy, as well as relationships with
each other. As a social construct, gender varies from
society to society and can change over time.

 “gender refers to how they identify on the inside”

 GENDER ROLE
 A gender role, also known as a sex role, is a social
role encompassing a range of behaviors and
attitudes that are generally considered acceptable,
appropriate, or desirable for a person based on that
person's sex. Sociologists tend to use the term
"gender role" instead of "sex role", because the
sociocultural understanding of gender is
distinguished from biological conceptions of sex.
GENDER EQUALITY

 Gender equality means that the rights,

responsibilities and opportunities of individuals will
not depend on whether they are male or female,
handicapped or able bodied, young or elderly, white
or black, or from rural or urban settings. Women are
entitled to live in dignity, safety and security.
WHY GENDER EQUALITY IN
EDUCATION IS IMPORTANT

 Gender equality refers to the equal rights,

responsibilities, and opportunities for all individuals,
regardless of their gender. This includes equal access to
education, healthcare, and economic opportunities, as
well as the ability to live free from gender bias and
discrimination.
 In education, gender equality means girls and boys, men and women, have
the same opportunities to receive education, with the same resources, and
with the same expectations of success. Gender equality in education also
means that the school system is inclusive, responsive, and empowering for
all students, regardless of their gender.

 Girls’ education, alongside improved sexual and reproductive health and

rights, has often been cited as the world’s best investment. However,
gender equality in education is not only important for empowering girls and
women, but also has a positive impact on macroeconomic and financial
stability. Gender equality in education can stimulate economic growth by
increasing the number of educated and skilled workers in the labor force. In
turn, this can lead to higher productivity and innovation. Additionally, having
more women in leadership positions in the private and public sector can
boost performance by increasing diversity and promoting better decision-
making.
CHANGING ROLES

 Societies can change such that the gender roles

rapidly change. The 21st century has seen a shift in
gender roles due to multiple factors such as new
family structures, education, media, and several
others. A 2003 survey by the Bureau of Labor
Statistics indicated that about 1/3 of wives may
earn more than their husbands
TALCOTT PARSONS THEORY
THE PARSONS MODEL WAS USED TO CONTRAST AND ILLUSTRATE EXTREME POSITIONS ON
GENDER ROLES (1955)

Model B – Total integration of

Model A – Total role segregation
roles
Gender-specific education; high Co-educative schools, same content
Education professional qualification is of classes for girls and boys, same
important only for the man. qualification for men and women.
The workplace is not the primary For women, career is just as
area of women; career and important as for men; equal
Profession
professional advancement is deemed professional opportunities for men
unimportant for women. and women are necessary.
Housekeeping and child care are the
All housework is done by both
primary functions of the woman;
Housework parties to the marriage in equal
participation of the man in these
shares.
functions is only partially wanted.
Neither partner dominates; solutions
In case of conflict, man has the last
do not always follow the principle of
say, for example in choosing the
Decision making finding a concerted decision;
place to live, choice of school for
status quo is maintained if
children, and buying decisions.
disagreement occurs.
Woman takes care of the largest part
of these functions; she educates Man and woman share these
Child care and education
children and cares for them in every functions equally.
way.
WHAT IS GAD?
 Gender and Development or GAD primarily
promotes women’s empowerment and ensure that
their full participation becomes essential for society.
It has been formed by the government to respond
to the gender imbalances and inequalities existing
in the country. GAD works to eradicate gender
biases to fully release the potential of women so
they can perform active roles in the development
process. Overall, GAD is not only about women and
their rights but also about men and women in
sharing benefits and responsibilities.
THE MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN
(REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9710)
 Defines Gender and Development Program (GAD) as the
development perspective and process that is participatory
and empowering, equitable, sustainable, free from
violence, respectful of human rights, supportive of self-
determination and actualization of human potentials. It
seeks to achieve gender equality as a fundamental value
that should be reflected in development choices and
contends that women are active agents of development,
not just passive recipients of development.
 GAD FOCUSES ON GENDER MAINSTREAMING OR A STRATEGY FOR:

 – Making women’s as well as men’s concerns and

experiences an integral dimension of the design,
implementation, monitoring, and evaluation of policies,
programs and projects in all social, political, civil, and economic
spheres so that women and men benefit equally; and

 – Assessing the implications for women and men of any

planned action, including legislation, policies or programs in all
areas and at all levels.

 The implementation of GAD in government agencies, including

GOCCs, finds basis in various laws and Presidential issuances.
REPUBLIC ACT NO. 9710 – AN ACT PROVIDING FOR
THE MAGNA CARTA OF WOMEN
SECTION 36: GENDER MAINSTREAMING AS A
STRATEGY FOR IMPLEMENTING THE MAGNA
CARTA OF WOMEN

 “All government departments, including their

attached agencies, offices, bureaus, state
universities and colleges, government owned and
controlled corporations, local government units
and all other government instrumentalities shall
adopt gender mainstreaming as a strategy to
promote women’s human rights and eliminate
gender discrimination in their systems, structures,
policies, programs, processes and procedures.
RA NO. 11936 (“ACT PROVIDING FOR THE
OPERATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES FROM
JANUARY 1 TO DECEMBER 31, 2023”)

 Section 35. Programs and Projects Related to

Gender and Development. All agencies of the
government shall formulate a Gender and
Development (GAD) Plan designed to address
gender issues within their concerned sectors or
mandate and implement the applicable provisions
under RA No. 9710 or the Magna Carta of Women,
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination Against Women, the Beijing Platform
for Action, and the Philippine Plan for Gender-
Responsive Development (1995-2025) and the
Philippine Development Plan.
LGBTQIA+
LESBIAN, GAY, BISEXUAL, TRANSGENDER, QUEER,
QUESTIONING, INTERSEX, OR ASEXUAL

 Schools should be safe places for everyone. However in

the Philippines, students who are lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgender (LGBT) too often find that their
schooling experience is marred by bullying,
discrimination, lack of access to LGBT-related
information, and in some cases, physical or sexual
assault
 DepEd to 'strictly implement' policy
allowing LGBTQIA+ students, teachers to
freely express selves.

 DepEd Order No. 37, series of 2017, seeks to allow

the agency to tackle gender-mainstreaming in
education, “to address both enduring and emerging
gender and sexuality-related issues in basic
education.”
LGBT RIGHTS BILL (SOGIE BILL)

 Violating this law carries penalties of ₱100,000 to

₱500,000 fines, and imprisonment for one to six years.
This bill prohibits and penalizes any discriminatory acts
against Lesbians, Gays, Bisexuals, and Transgender
people. The SOGIE Bill penalizes the following acts:
Gender Profiling.
WHAT ARE THE CHALLENGES
FACED BY LGBT STUDENTS IN
THE PHILIPPINES?

 Yet Human Rights Watch's research shows that

LGBT students still encounter physical bullying,
verbal harassment, sexual assault, and
cyberbullying in schools. Many students were not
aware of anti-bullying policies or did not know
where to seek help if they were persistently bullied
 "If you educate a man, you educate an individual. But if you
educate a woman, you educate a nation. When girls are
educated, their countries become stronger and more
prosperous. The highest result of education is tolerance."

- African Proverb