Bio-Fuels & Ecosystem

Fermentation,
Enzymatic hydrolysis, Bioethanol
Anaerobic digestion, Fuel
Biodiesel Distribution &
Transesterification,
Consolidated Consumption
Biomethanol
bioprocessing (CBP)

Biomass Production Biochemical Treatment Biofuel Conversion

CO2 (Consumed by Plants) NOx to Environment
(Ground Level Ozone Formation
SOx & GHG (Reduced Emissions) Emissions & Smog )

Definition Renewable fuel derived from biomass (organic matter). MODIFICATION REQUIRED
1. Biomass growth
Process 2. Biomass refined into food products (if applicable)
3. Biomass further refined into biofuel
4. Biofuel collected for use
Animal Feed, Glycerin, Biochar, Heat & Power, Organic
By Products Fertilizers, Bioplastics, Food Products, Chemicals (Ethanol, 1. Material Compatibility (Rubber, Plastic Parts)
Butanol, Acetone), CO2, Water 2. Engines set to Higher Compression Ratio
COx, NOx, Particulate Matter PM, VOCs, SO2, PAHs, CH4, 3. Fuel System Components
Emissions
Ozone-forming potential (Ground Level Ozone), Air Toxics 4. Ignition System
5. Cold-Start and Cold-Weather Performance
Pros Cons
6. Air Blend Mixture Control
- Can disrupt ecosystems
- Cleaner environment (less COx, SOx) - Labor & space intensive
- Reduced greenhouse gas emissions - High water requirements, especially in dry areas
- Renewable energy source - Food insecurity (Food used as Fuel) & Deforestation
- Overall GHG might increase (transportation & cultivation)
- Smog & Health Challenges (ground Ozone Contribution)
 Ethanol Blended Fuels
Fuel Conversion
Oxygenate
S
Processing Feedstock Fuel
r Biochemical Biofuel Products Potential
. Methods Requireme
Treatment (OFP)
nt

1- Bioethanol (corn, sugarcane, wheat) Moderate

First -
Intensive 2- Biodiesel (soybean, palm oil, rapeseed) Low
1 generation Simple
Agriculture 3- Biogas Moderate
(food crops)
4- Bio Ethanol Blends (E10 to E85 Flex Fuels) Moderate
Second -
generation 1- Cellulose ethanol Moderate
(Non-food Plant, 2- Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (HVO) Diesel (HDRD) Low
Simple + Little initial
2 Animal Fats, 3- Bio-CNG Low
Additional input
Municipal solid 4- Compressed Bio-Gas (CBG) Low
Wastes) 5- Biobutanol Moderate

1- Algal Biofuels Moderate

Third -
Controlled 2- Synthetic Biofuels (Jet Fuel) Moderate
3 generation Complex
Environment 3- Bio-synthetic Gas (Bio-SNG) Low
(Algae/Microbe)
4- Bio-oil (Pyrolysis oil) Low
Greater OFP offers Less Greenhouse Gas Emissions & suitable for higher compression engines.
Blends with Gasoline has been used to attain the desired output
GHG Emissions
BioFuel Import, Prices, Conversion, Duties

Energy Content & Conversion Rate (Metric Tons)

Feedstock: Ethanol Conversion Feedstock: Biodiesel Conversion
Corn kernels: Soybean oil, crude:
1 MT = 417 liters 1 MT = 1,113 liters
Wheat kernels: Soybean oil, refined:
1 MT = 393 liters 1 MT = 1,128 liters
Rye/Barley kernels: Crude palm oil (CPO):
1 MT = 241 liters 1 MT = 1,087 liters
Sugar beets: Animal fats/grease:
1 MT = 95 liters 1 MT = 1,043 liters
Used cooking oil (UCO):
1 MT = 1,043 liters
Ethanol: Co-product Yield (max theoretical yield)
Corn kernels:
1 MT = 313 kg of DDG (dried distillers' grains) + up to 29 kg of corn oil
Other grain kernels:
1 MT = 313 kg of DDG (negligible vegetable oil)
 Ethanol Blends Comparison

Gasoline-Blends Comparison Country Wise Usage

Higher
E10
E15
High Gasoline
E20
E10
E25
Low E20
E30
E85
Lower

ent my put ng nes FP) HCs Ox ion ility on USA China India Brazil EU
o nt ono ut Rati ngi t (O x, N o s ab
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C c O e r E O r fi
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n S C o d ap o d i
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e Fu Po O ble Co CO A M
En G ita O2 NG
EN u E
S

Fuel Blend Type Usage Start Biofuel

Region Status
High Year Blend
US 1970s E10 Sold as Standard Fuel & Option

EU 2000s E10 Implemented to reduce CO2 emissions

1970s E10 Sold as Standard Fuel & Option
Brazil
2000s E20 Available alongside E10
Low Thailand 2008 E20 Adopted to Promote Renewable Energy
E10 E15 E20 E25 E30 E85 Philippines - E20 Mandatory to Promote Local Fuel
Region Major Companies
• Diester Industries
• Cargill
• ADM
• Renewable Energy Group
North America • RBF Port Neches
(United States, Canada) • Ag Processing
• Elevance
• Marathon Petroleum Corporation
• Evergreen Bio Fuels
• Minnesota Soybean Processor
• Neste Oil
• Ital Green Oil
• Glencor
• Louis Dreyfus
Europe • Greenergy UK
• SunOil, Petrotec
(Germany, France, UK, Italy) • Biocom
• SARIA Bio-Industries
• Biodiesel Aragon
• Bionor
• Iniciativas Bioenergéticas
South & Latin America • Infinita Renovables
• Biopetrol
(Brazil, Mexico, Argentina) • Caramuru
Asia-Pacific • Jinergy
• Hebei Jingu Group
(China, India, Japan, South • Longyan Zhuoyue
Korea, Australia)