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Machine Learning

The document discusses several machine learning topics including successes in games, autonomous vehicles, text analysis and more. It covers major machine learning paradigms like induction, clustering, analogy and reinforcement learning. It also describes different types of learning problems including supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning.

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R Muhammad
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6 views

Machine Learning

The document discusses several machine learning topics including successes in games, autonomous vehicles, text analysis and more. It covers major machine learning paradigms like induction, clustering, analogy and reinforcement learning. It also describes different types of learning problems including supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning.

Uploaded by

R Muhammad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Machine Learning Successes

• Games: chess, go, poker


• Autonomous vehicles
• Text sentiment analysis
• Individual face recognition
• Email spam detection
• Understanding digital images
• Recommender systems (e.g.,
• Credit card fraud detection
Netflix, Amazon)
• Showing annoying ads
• Machine translation
• Speech understanding
• SIRI, Alexa, Google Assistant, …
The Big Idea and Terminology
Given some data, learn a model of how the world works that lets you
predict new data

• Training Set: Data from which you learn initially


• Model: What you learn; a “model” of how inputs are associated with
outputs
• Test set: New data you test your model against
• Corpus: A body of text data (pl.: corpora)
• Representation: The computational expression of data
Major Machine learning paradigms (1)
• Rote: 1-1 mapping from inputs to stored
representation, learning by memorization,
association-based storage & retrieval
• Induction: Use specific examples to reach general
conclusions
• Clustering: Unsupervised discovery of natural groups
in data
Major Machine learning paradigms (2)
• Analogy: Find correspondence between different representations
• Discovery: Unsupervised, specific goal not given
• Genetic algorithms: Evolutionary search techniques, based on
survival of the fittest
• Reinforcement: Feedback (positive or negative reward) given at the
end of a sequence of steps
• Deep learning: artificial neural networks with representation
learning for ML tasks
Types of learning problems
• Supervised: learn from training examples
• Regression:
• Classification: Decision Trees, SVM
• Unsupervised: learn w/o training examples
• Clustering
• Dimensionality reduction
• Word embeddings
• Reinforcement learning: improve performance using feedback from
actions taken
• Lots more we won’t cover
• Hidden Markov models, Learning to rank, Semi-supervised learning, Active
learning, …
Supervised learning
• Given training examples of inputs & corresponding outputs,
produce “correct” outputs for new inputs
• Two important scenarios:
• Classification: outputs typically labels (goodRisk, badRisk); learn
decision boundary to separate classes
• Regression: aka curve fitting or function approxima-tion; Learn a
continuous input-output mapping from examples, e.g., for a zip code,
predict house sale price given its square footage
Unsupervised Learning
Given only unlabeled data as input, learn some sort of
structure, e.g.:
• Clustering: group Facebook friends based on similarity of post texts
and friends
• Topic modeling: Induce N topics and words most common in
documents about each
• Embeddings: Find sets of words whose meanings are related (e.g.,
doctor, hospital)
• Large Language Models: Predict text that might follow a given test
sequence (e.g., BERT, GPT-3)
Machine Learning
• ML’s significance in AI has gone up and down over the last 75
years
• Today it’s very important for AI and data science
• Driving ML are three trends:
• Cheaper and more powerful computing systems
• Open-source ML tools & models (e.g., Weka, scikit-learn, TensorFlow,
Huggingface, SpaCy, BERT …)
• Availability of large amounts of data
• Understanding ML concepts and tools allow many to use them
with success
Decision Trees (DTs)
• A supervised learning method used for classification and
regression
• Given a set of training tuples, learn model to predict one
value from the others
• Learned value typically a class (e.g., goodRisk)
• Resulting model is simple to understand, interpret, visualize,
and apply
• D:\6th semester\CSE-3635 Artificial Intelligence 3.00+1.00\sheet\
2021\14_machine_learning 14_2_dt

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