Scribd
Upload
35 views

Transverse Loading of Beams

The document discusses transverse loading of beams and the resulting bending and shear stresses. It defines pure bending as only having couples applied to beam ends, resulting in a constant bending moment. Ordinary bending is produced by non-couple forces and has a varying bending moment. Equations are derived relating bending moment, stress, and moment of inertia. Shear stresses from non-uniform bending are also analyzed.

Uploaded by

LAZARUS MAZHAMBE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
35 views

Transverse Loading of Beams

The document discusses transverse loading of beams and the resulting bending and shear stresses. It defines pure bending as only having couples applied to beam ends, resulting in a constant bending moment. Ordinary bending is produced by non-couple forces and has a varying bending moment. Equations are derived relating bending moment, stress, and moment of inertia. Shear stresses from non-uniform bending are also analyzed.

Uploaded by

LAZARUS MAZHAMBE
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 15

TRANSVERSE LOADING OF BEAMS

Forces act perpendicular to the longitudinal axis


of the structure

Effects of forces and couples on a beam


(i) Impart deflections perpendicular to the axis of the beam (bending)
(ii) Set up normal and shear stresses on any cross-section of the beam
perpendicular to its axis
TYPES OF BENDING

(a) PURE BENGING


Only couples are applied to the ends of the beam.
A constant bending moment is applied along the beam.
Shear force is equal to zero ).

(b) ORDINARY BENDING


Bending produced by forces that do not form couples.
Bending moment is not constant .
Shear force is present.
PURE BENDING
Derive an expression for the relationship between the bending moment
acting at any section in a beam and the bending stress set up.
Assumptions
1. The beam is considered to be composed of thin fibres. Each fibre acts
independently, no pressure or shear stresses between adjacent fibres.
Each fibre is subjected only to axial tension or compression.

2. A plane section of the beam normal to its axis before loads are applied
remains a plane and normal to the axis after loading.

3. Hooke’s Law applies and E in tension and compression are equal.


Figure 1
-Consider the deformation or elongation of a longitudinal fibre IE of length dx
that is at a distance y from the neutral surface CD as shown in figure 1.
-Elongation EF : ∆L = (r+y)d - dx
of IE after bending but dx=rd

→Strain of the fibre :

(1)

From Hooke’s Law:

Stress in the fibre: (2)

Substituting for strain in eq.(2) from eq.(1),

(3)
Equilibrium of forces: (the sum of the normal forces at any cross-section is zero because
the upper fibres are in compression and the lower fibres are in tension as shown in figure 2)

dA

Figure 2

Now consider an element of area dA (figure 2) which is at a distance y from the


neutral axis z:
-Elementary force on area dA:

Substituting for from eq.(3):


(4)
-The resultant axial force acting over the cross-section is zero.
(integrate eq.(4) over the whole cross-sectional area A to get the resultant force)
:

(5)
is the First moment of area of the cross-section with respect to the z-axis.
→For eq.(5) to be satisfied: since is a constant.
But (6)
Where is the distance of the neutral axis from the centroid of the cross-sectional
area.
→for eq.(6) to be zero, =0 since area A is a constant. Therefore this shows that
the neutral axis passes through the centroid.
-Moment of the force dN (figure 2) about the neutral axis:

since from eq.(4)


→ (7)

-Total moment = resultant moment over the entire cross-section. So integrate eq.
(7):

-This moment is equal to the bending moment acting at any section M(x).

(8)
is the Second moment of area about the the z-axis.

→ (9)

-Eliminating r from eq.(3) and eq.(9):

→Bending stress (10)


Where M(x) is the bending moment at any section
is the moment of inertia or second moment of the cross-sectional area
about an axis through the centroid of the cross-section.
y is the distance from the neutral axis to the fibre on which the stress
acts.
ORDINARY BENDING
SHEAR STRESSES IN BEAMS DUE TO TRANSVERSE
LOADING
-For non-uniform bending the shear force is not equal to zero.
Determine the shear stresses associated with the shear force V at any cross-section
of a beam: Consider a beam of rectangular cross-section subjected to non-uniform
bending.

Figure 3
Assumptions:
1. The shear stresses act parallel to the shear force V, that is parallel to the
vertical sides of the cross-section.
2. The distribution of shear stresses is uniform across the width of the beam.

Distribution of shear stresses at any point on the beam, for example point E(figure
3):

Figure 4
-For equilibrium in the x-direction for the stress on the top face an equal but
oppositely directed shear stress must act on the bottom face as shown in figure 4.
The same must applies for the y-direction. The forces which are parallel to the
sides form equal and opposite couples.

Consider the equilibrium of an element of the beam(Figure 3), shaded cut out
from a beam between two adjacent cross sections and separated by a distance dx
shown in figure 5.

Figure 5
FBD of

Figure 6

: (1)

For small element of area dA (refer to the cross-section of the beam Figure 3):
→
→ (2)
Substituting from eq.(2) in eq.(1)

shear formular (3)


Where Q is the first moment of the shaded area about the neutral axis,
is the moment of inertia or second moment of the cross-sectional area
about the neutral axis,
V is the shear force,
b is the width of the beam.
Note:
• when the level at which we want to find the shear stress is above the neutral
axis, Q is the first moment of the area above about the neutral axis.
• when the level at which we want to find the shear stress is below the neutral
axis, Q is the first moment of the area below about the neutral axis.

You might also like