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LEC 10-Normalization

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8 views

LEC 10-Normalization

Uploaded by

Ahmad Mujtaba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Normalization

Assessing the “goodness” of relations

Instructor: Farhan Sarwar


Relational
DBMS
Primary Key and Foreign
Key
What is
Normalization
Three Modification
Anomalies [1/3]
• Insert Anomaly
• We cannot record until we know information for the entire row.
• We cannot record a new sales office until we also know the sales person.
• Because in order to create the record, we need provide a primary key.
Three Modification
Anomalies [2/3]
• Update Anomaly
• The same information is recorded in multiple rows.
• If the office number changes, then
• There are multiple updates that need to be made.
• If these updates are not successfully completed across all rows, then an
inconsistency occurs.
Three Modification
Anomalies [3/3]
• Delete Anomaly
• Deletion of a row can cause more than one set of facts to be removed.
• If John Hunt is removed, then
• Deleting that row cause use to lose information about the New York office.
1N
F
Now in
1NF
2N
F
Functional
Dependency
• Functional dependency (FD) is a set of constraints
• Between two attributes in a relation, such that
• If two tuples have same values for attributes A1, A2,..., An, then
• Those two tuples must have to have same values for attributes B1, B2, ..., Bn.
• Functional dependency is represented by an arrow sign (→)
• X→Y, where X functionally determines Y
• The left-hand side determine the values on the right-hand side.
• Trivial − If a functional dependency (FD) X → Y holds, where Y is a subset of
X, then it is called a trivial FD. Trivial FDs always hold.
• Non-trivial − If an FD X → Y holds, where Y is not a subset of X, then it is
called a non-trivial FD.
Now in
2NF
3N
F
Now in
3NF
Another Example (Not-
Normalized)
Another Example
in 3NF
Your Task: Do it
Yourself
Your Task: Now
in 1NF
Is it in 3NF
Your Task: Now ?
in 2NF
Reasons for
Normalization
• There are three main reasons to normalize a database
• Minimize duplicate data
• Minimize or avoid data modification issues
• Simplify queries

• Consider the following data of Sales Staff:


Data Duplication and Modification
Anomalies

• Notice that for each SalesPerson we have listed both


• SalesOffice
• OfficeNumber
• This information is duplicated for each SalesPerson.
• Duplicated information presents two problems:
1. It increases storage and decrease performance.
2. It becomes more difficult to maintain data changes.
• Consider if we move the Chicago office to Evanston, IL.
• We need to update the entries for all the SalesPersons currently in Chicago.
• Also consider what would happen if John Hunt quits.
• If we remove his entry, then we lose the information for New York Office.

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