Biology (0610)

Academic Year 2022-2023

 Muhammad Nadeem ( Biology)

[email protected]

Whatsapp +971561580693

I WILL BE HAPPY TO TAKE YOU

TOWARD TO YOUR DREAMS
WE KNOW OUR STUDENTS HAVE WORKED HARD TO JOIN US, AND
WE WANT THEM TO SUCCEED.

SUCCESS REQUIRES PASSION FOR THE SUBJECT

If students do not enjoy the work, it will be hard to succeed.
 HOW SHOULD A STUDENT USE STUDY HOURS?

Before & After each lecture:

• Bring your books & note books throughout biology
lessons
• Review the notes, slide, PDFs, online material (CIAE)
• Read & Abstract the chapter to confirm knowledge of a
topic, Highlights the main points and discuss.
• Submission of works on time, e.g. Assignment, Presentation and
Projects.
 EXPECTATIONS
 In order to create a classroom environment where
everyone can learn and feel safe.
I expect all students to:
 Be respectful & responsible for your behavior
 Respect the people, equipment, and furniture in the
classroom
 Make good decisions toward subject.
 Keep your hands, feet, and other objects to yourself
 Be a problem solver  Follow directions the first
time they are given
Biology 0610
Biology 0610
 Clear your concepts
Read related contents
Solve past papers
 Chapters Names
1 Characteristics and classification of living organisms
2 Organisation of the organism
3 Movement into and out of cells
4 Biological molecules
5 Enzymes

Marks Distribution
Assessment. = 50
Quiz. = 20/25/30
Internal. = 30
Total. = 100

Final Exam 70+30 = 100

 Characteristics &
Classification of Living Things
 1.1 Characteristics of living organisms

1 Describe the characteristics of living organisms by describing:

(a) movement as an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a
change of position or place
(b) respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient
molecules and release energy for metabolism
(c) sensitivity as the ability to detect and respond to changes in the internal
or external environment
(d) growth as a permanent increase in size and dry mass
(e) reproduction as the processes that make more of the same kind of
organism
(f) excretion as the removal of the waste products of metabolism and
substances in excess of requirements
(g) nutrition as the taking in of materials for energy, growth and
development
 The characteristics of living organisms
 •• All Living organisms shows:

i. – Movement as an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a

change of position or place
ii. – Respiration as the chemical reactions in cells that break down nutrient
molecules and release energy for metabolism
iii.– Sensitivity as the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external
environment and to make appropriate responses
iv.– Growth as a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell
number or cell size or both
v. – Excretion as removal from organisms of the waste products of metabolism
(chemical reactions in cells including respiration), toxic materials, and substances in
excess of requirements
vi.– Nutrition as taking in of materials for energy, growth and development;
plants require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic
compounds and ions and usually need water
vii.Reproduction; Produce new organism/offspring of the same kind
 1.2 Concept and uses of classification systems

1 State that organisms can be classified into groups by the features that they
share
2 Describe a species as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce
fertile offspring
3 Describe the binomial system of naming species as an internationally agreed
system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts
showing the genus and species
4 Construct and use dichotomous keys based on identifiable features
5 Explain that classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships
6 Explain that the sequences of bases in DNA are used as a means of
classification
7 Explain that groups of organisms which share a more recent ancestor (are
more closely related) have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than
those that share only a distant ancestor
 What is classification?

Classification is the grouping of living organisms

according to similar structures and functions/ The process
of grouping things based on their shared traits

Importance of classification

i.All those organisms that share same feature are placed in one
group
ii.Easy for scientific study & research.
iii.Easy to identify these organisms
  Chapter Outcomes

 Describe the binomial system of naming species as an internationally agreed

system in which the scientific name of an organism is made up of two parts
showing the genus and species

 5 Explain that classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships

 6 Explain that the sequences of bases in DNA are used as a means of

classification

 7 Explain that groups of organisms which share a more recent ancestor (are
more closely related) have base sequences in DNA that are more similar than
those that share only a distant ancestor
 Binomial Naming System
• Binomial Species; Group of organisms that
Nomenclature- interbreed & produce fertile offspring
Genus; Contains several species
• 2 name naming system Family; Contains many genus
– Bi two Order; Class;
– Nom name Phylum;
– Clature system Kingdoms;

 The system of naming in which two

terms are used to represent a species
of living organism.
 First name is the organism’s genus
 Second name is the organism’s species
 DNA as tool for modern classification

 Classifying living things helps to identify relationships

between and within species

 The DNA used to identify differences and similarities

between organisms

 Same organisms with closely related DNA placed in one/

Same group of living thing while organisms shows
differences kept in separate group of living organism
 1.3 Features of organisms

1 State the main features used to place animals and plants into the appropriate
kingdoms

2 State the main features used to place organisms into groups within the
animal kingdom, limited to:
(a) the main groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish
(b) the main groups of arthropods: myriapods, insects, arachnids, crustaceans

3 State the main features used to place all organisms into one of the five
kingdoms: animal, plant, fungus, prokaryote, protoctist

4 State the main features used to place organisms into groups within the plant
kingdom, limited to ferns and flowering plants (dicotyledons and
monocotyledons)

5 State the features of viruses, limited to a protein coat and genetic material
  Chapter Outcomes

 4 State the main features used to place all organisms into one of the five
kingdoms:
 (a) animal
 (b) plant
 (c) fungus
 (d) protoctist
 (e) prokaryote

 2 State the main features used to place organisms into groups within the animal
kingdom, limited to:
the main groups of vertebrates: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish
the main groups of arthropods: myriapods, insects, arachnids, crustaceans
Five kingdoms of Classification
1. Kingdom Animals (Heterotrophic)
 Multicellular (Made up of many cells)
 Cell have Nucleus
 No Cell wall
 Feed on organic substances ( unable to make own foods)
 Classification of Animals
1. Vertebrates
• Have backbone and skeletal system for support
• Located inside body
(Mammals, Fish, Birds, Reptiles & Amphibian)

2. Invertebrates
• No backbone or skeleton
• Some have external support called exoskeleton (Arthropoda)
 Class Mammals (Vertebrates)

 They are warm blooded/Endothermic

 Have diaphragm
 Have placenta
 They have hairs on their body
 4 chambers f heart
 Most give birth to live young.
 Have mammary glands to feed their young.
 Have different types of teeth (incisors, cannines, pre molar, molar)
 Class Fish (Vertebrates)

 Live in water
 Skin cover with scales
 Have gills (respire)
 Have fins (help the fish swim)
  Class Birds (Vertebrates)
 Birds breathe with lungs.
 They are covered with feathers.
 They laid eggs, have beak,
 4 heart chambers
 Forelimbs have became wings
 Endothermic/warm-blooded (maintain a constant body
temperature independent)
 Class Reptiles (Vertebrates)
 Their skin is dry and strong, it has scales.
 They breath with lungs.
 There skin covered with dry scales.
 They lay eggs with rubbery shells.
 Class Amphibians (Vertebrates)
 They breathe with lungs and gills.
 Lives on land and in water
 Their skin is smooth and moist.
 Eggs laid in water.
 Invertebrates

 Class Arthropod (invertebrates)

 No backbone
 With jointed legs
 Hard exoskeleton that protects & help in
survival on land
  Insect (Arthropod)
 Three pairs of jointed legs
 Body has 3 parts: head, thorax, and abdomen.
 Breath through tracheae
 They have compound eyes.
 its two antennae
 On the thorax, insects have wings and legs. usually
four wings (two pairs)
  Arachnids: (Arthropod)
 Land dwelling organism
 4 pairs jointed legs (Spiders, Scorpions)
 Breath through gills (book lungs)
  Crustaceans (Arthropod)
 They breath through gills.
 More then 4 pairs jointed legs (Crab, woodlice and
Lobster)
  Myriapods (Arthropod)
 Body consist many segments
 Each segments has jointed legs
  Chapter Outcomes

 5 State the main features used to place organisms into groups within the plant
kingdom, limited to ferns and flowering plants (dicotyledons and monocotyledons)
 2. Kingdom Plants (Autotrophic)
 Plants body divided into leaves, Stems, roots
 Multicellular organisms
 Plants have cell wall (made up of Cellulose)
 They have Chlorophyll (green pigment)
 Photosynthesis take place ( they can produce their own foods)

 Further classified into;

1. Flowering
2. Non flowering plants
  Plants Classification
1. Non flowering plants
2. Flowering plants

1. Non- flowering plants

 Plants without flowers.
 Examples: moss, fern (Reproduce by spores)

2. Flowering plants

 These plants Contains stems, roots & leaves

 Reproduce sexually (flowers & seeds), seeds reproduce inside the ovary

 Divided into:

I. Monocotyledonous (Monocot)
II. Dicotyledonous (Dicot)
  Plants Classification
i. Monocotyledonous (Monocot)

Their seeds contain only one embryonic leaf (cotyledon)

They have parallel veins in their leaves
Scattered vascular bundles in the stem
Branching roots system.
II. Dicotyledonous (dicot)
They has two embryonic leaves (cotyledons) in their seed.
Leaves are broader then monocot
Tap roots system
Ring vascular bundle
Network of branching/ Net like veins
 Comparison of Monocot &
Dicot
 3. Kingdom Fungi (Saprophyte/Parasite)
 Multicellular
 Cell have Nuclei
 Cell wall made of Chitin
 Do not have Chlorophyll
 Live as saprophyte/parasite
 EX: mushrooms, yeast, mildew, mold
 4. Kingdom Protoctista

 Mixture of organism (Eukaryotic)

 Unicellular & multicellular (seaweeds)
 Have cell + Nucleus
 May have cell wall or may not
 Some feed by photosynthesis & some by other organic
substances
5. Monera/ Prokaryote (Bacteria)
Bacteria are microscopic living organisms, usually one-celled
(unicellular)
They can be dangerous (cause infection) or beneficial like
decomposition & use for treatment
No true Nucleus
have Cell wall
No membrane bounded organelles such as Mitochondria
They are Spheres , rods and spirals in shapes
Some contain flagellum/ flagella which use for swimming
Bacteria
 Chapter Outcomes
 7 State the features of viruses, limited to a protein coat and genetic material

 4 Construct and use dichotomous keys based on identifiable features

  Viruses (Living/Non living)
Viruses have both properties
Can reproduce BUT inside host cell
Have genetics material (DNA/RNA)
Contain a protein coat called the capsid/ capsomer
Can not show any activities out side the host body
Some viruses are surrounded by protective envelope
Some viruses may have spikes to help attach to the host cell

copyright cmassengale 48
Virus Structure
 Dichotomous Key
 This is a biological tool for identification of unknown
organisms.

 A single characteristic is considered at a time.

 Two different statements are put forward to describe the

characteristics in such a way as to separate the organisms.
 1. The diagram shows an animal.

Use the key to identify this animal.

1 body covered with scales ...................... go to 2

body covered with hair .......................... go to 3

2 has a rounded bill .................................. A

has a pointed bill ................................... B

3 has webbed feet .................................... C

does not have webbed feet ................... D
Calculate magnification
 Conversion of the units

1 mm = 1,000 micrometer
1 micrometer = 0.001 mm (1/1000)