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UNIT 6:
GRADING AND
Grading and reporting are fundamental elements in the

REPORTING
teaching-learning process. Assignment of grades represents the
teacher's assessment of the learners' performance on the tests
and on the desired learning outcomes as a whole.
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Topic 1. Basic Concepts in Grading and Reporting

Presentation Topic 2. The K to 12 Grading System

Overview Topic 3. Planning and Implementing Parent-

Teacher Conference
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
CLOSE At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

Topic 1: Basic 1.identify the different functions of grading and reporting;

2.discuss the different purposes of grades;
Concepts in 3.differentiate the different types of grading and reporting
system;
Grading and 4.differentiate the different types of grading system; and

Reporting apply the different guidelines for effective and fair

grading
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Grades are symbols that represent a value judgement

concerning the relative quality of a student’s achievement
during specified period of instruction. It could be in:
• Percent such as 75%, 89%, 95%, etc.
• Letters such as A, B, C, D, or F
• Numbers such as 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5
• Descriptive Expressions such as Outstanding (O), Very
Satisfactory (VS), Satisfactory (S), Moderately
Satisfactory (MS), Needs Improvement (NI), etc.
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Functions of of Grading and Reporting Systems

Grading and reporting systems have some very important functions in the educative process. Some of
these important functions are:
• Enhancing students’ learning through: clarifying instructional objectives for them, showing
students’ strengths and weaknesses, providing information on personal-social development,
enhancing students’ motivation and indicating where teaching might be modified.
• Reports to Parents /Guardians. Grading and reporting systems also inform parents of students on
the progress of their children.
• Administrative and Guidance Uses. It helps to decide promotion, graduation, honors, athletic
eligibility, reporting achievement to other schools or to employers, providing input for realistic
educational, vocational, and personal counseling.
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Purpose of Grades
Grades could be for:
• Certification that gives assurance that a student has mastered a specific content or achieved a
certain level of accomplishment.

• Selection that provides basis in identifying or grouping students for certain educational paths or
programs.

• Direction that provides information for diagnosis and planning

• Motivation that emphasizes specific material or skills to be learned and helping students to
understand and improve their performance.
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Traditional letter-grade system

1 In the traditional letter grade system, students' performances are
summarized by means of letters. Thus, A stands for excellent, C
stands tor average, D stands for needing improvement and an F as a
failure. Types of
Pass-fail Grading and
The pass or fail system utilizes a dichotomous grade system. Either a
2 student has complied and reached certain standards, in which case he
passes or he failed to do so and he gets a failing mark.
Reporting
Systems
Checklists of objectives
In this system, the objectives of the course are enumerated. After each
3 objective, the students' level of achievement is indicated: Outstanding,
Very Good, Good, Fair or Poor. This is a very detailed reporting
system and tends to be more informative
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Letters to parents/guardians
4 Letters to parents and guardians are useful supplement to grades.
However, they have limited value as sole report because they are very
time consuming to prepare.
Types of
Portfolios
Portfolios are useful for showing students' strengths and weaknesses, Grading and
5 illustrating range of students' work, showing progress over time or
stages of a project, teaching students about objectives/standards they Reporting
are to meet
Systems
Parent-teacher conferences
This requires that parents of pupils come for a conference with the
6 teacher to discuss the pupils' progress. They are, however, of limited
value as a report because most parents do not come for such
conferences.
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PROS CONS
TYPES OF • very easy to use.
• performance of a student is not only
• works well for the courses with retention
GRADING policies and it limits only few students to
determined by his achievement, but also

the achievement of the other students.

SYSTEM
1.Norm- Referenced Grading System
In using norm-referenced grading
advance to the next level of the course.

• useful if the focus is the individual

• promotes competition among the students

rather than cooperation.

system, a student performance is achievement of the students.
• cannot be used when the class size is
evaluated relative to the performance of
• appropriate to a large group of students, that is,
other students within the group. The smaller than 40.
more than 40.
performance of a student will depend on • not all students can pass the given subject
• does not encourage cooperation among the
to the performance of other students in or course.
the class. This grading system is also students.

known as “grading on the curve.” • teacher easily identifies learning criteria-the

percentage of students who received highest

grade or lowest grade.

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TYPES OF PROS CONS

• performance of the students will not • it is difficult to set a reasonable
GRADING be affected by the performance of the standard if it is not stated in the

SYSTEM
2.Criterion-Referenced Grading
System
whole class. grading policies of the

• promotes cooperation among the institution.

In this type of grading system, the
students. • all students may not pass the
student performance is evaluated
against a certain criteria or standard. • all students may pass the subject or subject or course when they do
The student must get a grade higher course when they meet the standard not meet the standard set by the
than or equal to a given standard to
set by. teacher or the institution.
pass a certain test.
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TYPES OF
GRADING
SYSTEM
3.Point or Percentage Grading System
In this type of grading system, the
4.Contract Grading System
In this type of grading, the student agrees to
teacher identifies the points or work for a particular grade according to
percentages for various tests and class agreed –upon standards.
activities depending on the
importance. The total points will be
the grade assigned to the student.
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

Topic 2. The K 1.compute the grades of students correctly and fairly using

to 12 Grading the K to 12 grading policy;

2.transmute initial grades;
System 3.compute the students’ general average; and
4.determine the descriptor of a numerical grade.
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WHAT IS THE NEW GRADING SYSTEM OF

THE PHILIPPINE K-12 PROGRAM?
On April 1, 2015, the Department of Education, through DepEd Order 8, 2015, announced the
implementation of a new grading system for all grade levels in public schools from elementary to Senior
High School.

The grading system is described as a standard and competency-based grading system, where 60 is the
minimum grade needed to pass a specific learning area, which is transmuted to 75 in the report card. The
lowest mark that can appear on the report card is 60 for Quarterly Grades and Final Grades. Grades will be
based on the weighted raw score of the learners' summative assessments based on three components: Written
Work, Performance Task, and Quarterly Assessment.
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Transmutation
Table from
DepEd Order 8,
s. 2015
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Sample Report Card

* Averaging Method is used in the computation of the final grade. It is the average of the
four quarters ratings.
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Sample Report Card

Learners’ grades are then communicated to parents and guardians every quarter during the
parent-teacher conference by showing and discussing with them the report card. The
grading scale and the descriptors are as follows:
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Topic 3. Planning At the end of the lesson, you are expected to:

and Implementing 1.distinguish between desirable and undesirable practices

Parent-Teacher in conducting a parent-teacher conference.

Conference
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Parent-teacher conferences become

productive when they are carefully
planned and the teacher is skilled in
handling such conferences. Skills in
conducting parent-teacher
conferences can be developed.
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Guidelines for a Good Conference

01 02 03

Make plans for the conference. Begin the conference in a Present student’s strong points first.
• Review your goals. positive manner. • Be helpful to have example of
• Organize the information to work to show strengths and
present. needs.
• Make a list of points to cover • Compare early vs. later work
and questions to ask. to show improvement.
• If bring portfolios, select and
review carefully
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Guidelines for a Good Conference

04 05 06 07
Encourage parents to Plan actions End the conference with Use good human relation
participate and share cooperatively. positive comment. skills during the
information. • What steps can each • Thank the parents for conference.
• Be willing to listen. take? coming and say
• Be willing to answer • Summarize at the something positive
questions. end. about the students.
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Summary:
• Grades are symbols that represent a value judgement concerning the relative quality of a
student’s achievement during specified period of instruction.

• There are three functions of grading and reporting systems

1.Enhancing students’ learning
2.Reports to parents/guardians
3.Administrative and guidance uses

• There are four purposes of grades

1.Certification
2.Selection
3.Direction
4.Motivation
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Summary:
• There are six types of grading and reporting system
1.Traditional letter –grade
2.Pass-fail
3.Checklist of objectives
4.Letters to parents/guardians
5.Portfolios
6.Parent-teacher conference

• There are four types of grading system

1.Criterion-referenced grading system
2.Norm-referenced grading system
3.Point or percentage grading system
4.Contract grading system
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Summary:
• In the K to 12 grading policy, the grades will be based on the weighted raw score of
the learners’ summative assessments based on three components: Written Work,
Performance Task, and Quarterly Assessment.

• Parent- teacher conferences become productive when they are carefully planned and
the teacher is skilled in handling such conferences.
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