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Accelerator Presentation

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Sh M
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8 views

Accelerator Presentation

Uploaded by

Sh M
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Accelerators in

Medicine

professor: Dr.Rahighi
Student: Shahab Moradi
Radiotherapy

 One of the main treatment modalities for


cancer (often in combination with
chemotherapy and surgery)

 It is generally assumed that 50 to 60% of


cancer patients will benefit from radiotherapy
Cancer incidence (WHO)
Types of Radiotherapy
External beam radiotherapy (EBT)= dose is delivered from
outside the patient using X Rays or gamma rays or high
energy electrons
Internal beam radiotherapy(IBT),Brachytherapy = dose
delivered from radioactive sources implanted in the patient
close to the target
EBT
Beam 2

Beam 3

Beam 1

tumour
patient
Types of EBT

1. Superficial/orthovoltage equipment
2. Telecurie treatment units
3. Linear accelerators (linacs)
4. Other accelerator types
5. Associated equipment
Orthovoltage EBT Superficial EBT
Telecurie units Co-60
LINAC
Schematic Drawing of a LINAC
Energy limit
Electrons should reach the energy
higher than 4 MeV so it’s not possible
to achieve this conventionally using a
potential difference. So Electrons are
.accelerated by RF waves
Photons Electrons
MV short waveguide 6
MV long waveguide 18
Waveguides for acceleration of electrons using microwaves
Bending Magnet
Features of LINACs

Modern accelerators have a lot of treatment options, for


example
X Rays or electrons (dual mode)
multiple energies
X Ray energies 2
or more electron energies 5
Head complexity to •
handle multiple
energies and
multiple modalities
different flattening filters •
and scattering foils on a
’‘carousel
monitor chambers •
collimators •
The effect of additional filtration
Monitoring Ion Chamber

Radiation exposure is controlled by two independent


.integrating transmission ionization chamber systems
One of these is designated as the primary system and
should terminate the exposure at the correct number of
monitor .units
These also steer the beam via a feedback loop
Most modern accelerators also have a timer which will
terminate the exposure if both ionization chamber systems
.fails
Collimator

X Ray Collimators may be (2)


Multi-Leaf collimators (MLC)
the transmission through the
collimators should be less than
of the primary (open) beam 2%
The transmission between the
leaves should be checked to ensure that it is less than the
manufacturer’s specification
Betatron
Invented by Kerst in 1940 A.D for acceleration of
.electrons
Change of magnetic field with increasing electron
energy
Allows flexibility in energy selection up to 50MeV
Beam currents and therefore output is typically low
Cyclotron

.Invented by Lawrance in 1930 A.D


It is useful for producing radiopharmaceuticals such as F-18
by proton acceleration which is used in nuclear medicine
.PET or SPECT
Heavy Particles Accelerators

Particles such as proton, neutron, alpha, carbon, pi meson,


… can be accelerated to be used in medical affairs. Among
these proton has a wide range of use. Specially in
.synchrotron radiation
Reffrences

Rpop.IAEA.org •
Radiation Oncology Physics by Podgorsak •
Thanks a lot

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