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Chapter 1-Week 3

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Chapter 1-Week 3

Uploaded by

Thaqif Aieman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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DJB50063

POLYMER TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 1
POLYMER STRUCTURES
Polymerization
• Polymerization: The chemical reaction processes that link the
monomer to form a large macromolecule that called polymer.
• The chemical reaction of polymers can occur by either of two
methods:
1. Addition polymerization (Chain Growth Polymerization)
2. Condensation polymerization (Step Growth Polymerization)
• Production of a given polymer is generally associated with one
method or the other.
POLYMERIZATION
Addition Polymerization
Basic Steps in Polymerization Process

Initiation: (How the reaction gets started)


Formation of free radical
- A preoxide molecule breaks up into two reactive free radicals.
Light or heat can provide the energy needed for this process.

ROOR RO. .OR


Addition Polymerization
Propagation: (How the reaction keeps going)
Combining of mers to form chains
• In the propagation phase, the newly-formed activated monomer
attacks and attaches to the double bond of another monomer
molecule.
• This addition occurs again and again to make the long polymer
chain.
RO ̶ CH2 ̶ CH2

CH2 ̶ CH2

CH2 ̶ CH2

CH2 ̶ CH2

etc
Addition Polymerization
Termination: (How the reaction stops)
Elimination of free radicals
• A growing polymer chain joins with another free radical.
• We watched a peroxide break up to form two radicals. It makes
sense that two free radicals could join to make a stable bond.

• The R and R' groups here can be the original free radicals, the
growing polymer chains, or even one of each.
Addition Polymerization

Model of addition (chain) polymerization: (1) initiation, (2) rapid


addition of monomers, and (3) resulting long chain polymer molecule
with n mers at termination of reaction
Step Polymerization
• The process is called condensation polymerization because a
molecule is removed during the joining of the monomers. This
molecule is frequently water.
• The monomers for condensation polymerization have two
main characteristics:.
• Instead of double bonds, these monomers have functional groups
(like alcohol, amine, or carboxylic acid groups).
• Each monomer has at least two reactive sites, which usually
means two functional groups.
• Some monomers have more than two reactive sites, allowing
for branching between chains, as well as increasing the
molecular mass of the polymer.
Step Polymerization
Example:
A carboxylic acid monomer and an alcohol monomer can join in
an ester linkage.

A water molecule is removed as the ester linkage is formed.


Notice the acid and the alcohol groups that are still available for
bonding.

Because the monomers are all joined


by ester linkages, the polymer chain is
a polyester. This one is called PET,
which stands for poly(ethylene
terephthalate).
Step Polymerization

Model of step polymerization showing the two types of reactions


occurring: (a) n‑mer attaching a single monomer to form a ( n+1)‑mer;
and (b) n1‑mer combining with n2‑mer to form a (n1+n2)‑mer .
Sequence is shown by (1) and (2)
Step Polymerization
Some Examples
• Polymers produced by addition polymerization:
• Polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylchloride, polyisoprene.

• Polymers produced by step polymerization:


• Polyester,Nylon, polycarbonate, phenol formaldehyde
Differences between step-growth polymerization and
chain-growth polymerization

Step-growth polymerization Chain-growth polymerization

Growth throughout matrix Growth by addition of monomer


only at one end of chain
Rapid loss of monomer early in the Some monomer remains even at
reaction long reaction times
Same mechanism throughout Different mechanisms operate at
different stages of reaction (i.e.
Initiation, propagation and
termination)
Average molecular weight increases Molar mass of backbone chain
slowly at low conversion and high increases rapidly at early stage and
extents of reaction are required to remains approximately the same
obtain high chain length throughout the polymerization

Ends remain active (no termination) Chains not active after termination

No initiator necessary Initiator required


Do you understand?????
Statements Answers
What the type of process removed a water Condensation/Step Growth
molecule during polymerization.

Initiation
Name the three parts of addition
polymerization. Propagation
Termination
The chemical reaction processes that link the
monomer to form a large macromolecule that
called polymer. Polymerization Process

Polymerization begins at the initiator, and


reaction continues until there are no more
monomers to add to the growing polymer Addition/Chain Growth
chain.
THANK YOU

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