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Government Polytechnic, Arvi Topic:-Cracking: Department of Chemical Engineering

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17 views13 pages

Government Polytechnic, Arvi Topic:-Cracking: Department of Chemical Engineering

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Rohan Bhilkar
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GOVERNMENT POLYTECHNIC,ARVI

Department Of Chemical Engineering

Topic:- Cracking

Guide:-Mr. S.U.Patil By:- 25) Vrushabh A. Talankar


Lecturer in Chemical Engineering 26) Kaustubh S. Lahe
27) Bhushabh S. Patle

1
CRACKING

The decomposition of bigger hydrocarbon molecules having higher molecular weight (high boiling point
fraction) into smaller hydrocarbons having lower molecular weight (lower boiling point)

Cracking, in petroleum refining the process by which heavy hydrocarbon molecules are broken up into
lighter molecules by means of heat and usually pressure and sometimes catalyst Cracking is the most
important process for the commercial production of gasoline and diesel fuel.

Cracking
C10H22 C5H12 C5H10
+
(Decane) (Pentane) (Pentene)

(Boiling Point= 174 C)


(Boiling Point= 36C)
CRACKING

Thermal Catalytic
Cracking Cracking
Liquid phase thermal
cracking

THERMAL CRACKING
Vapour phase thermal
The heavy oils are subjected to high temperature and cracking
pressure, when the bigger hydrocarbon molecules
break to give smaller molecules of the paraffin's,
olefins plus some hydrogen.
Types of thermal cracking
The thermal cracking is basically divided into two types
1-Liquid phase thermal cracking 2- Vapour phase thermal cracking

Liquid phase thermal cracking Vapour phase thermal cracking


 The heavy oil or gas oil stock is cracked at  The cracking oil is first vaporized and
a suitable temperature of 475-530 C and then cracked at about 600-650C and
under pressure of 100Kg/cm2. under low pressure of 10-20 Kg/cm2

 The Yields 50-60 %  The yield is 50-60%

 Octane rating is 65-70.  The petrol obtained has better anti-


knock properties but poor stability than
liquid phase cracking
Catalyst cracking

Fixed bed catalytic cracking

Fluid bed catalytic cracking


CATALYST
• Modern cracking uses zeolites as the catalyst.
• These are complex aluminium silicates, and are
large lattices of aluminium, silicon and oxygen
atoms carrying a negative charge.
• They are associated with positive ions such as sodium ions.
Fixed bed catalyst cracking
Working of fixed bed catalyst cracking
Advantages of catalytic cracking
1.The yield of petrol is higher.
2. Isomerization to branched-chain compounds (iso-paraffins) occurs, thereby better petrol is
produced.
3. The heat required for cracking is derived from the coal embedded in the catalyst, hence no
external fuel supply is required.
4. A much lower pressure of about 1-5 kg/cm² is needed in catalytic cracking.
5. The cracking process can easily be controlled to get the desired products.
6. The product of cracking contains a higher amount of aromatics and hence the petrol possesses
better anti-knock characteristics.
7. The product contains a very little amount of undesirable because a major portion of it escapes
out as H₂S gas during cracking.
8.Catalysts are selective in their action and, therefore, they permit 4cracking of only the high-
boiling hydrocarbons.
Fluid bed catalytic cracking
Working of bed catalytic cracking

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