TRADE SCIENCE

UNIT 2.2 :Forces and Newton’s Law’s

BY M.JAMBO

BY M. JAMBO
FORCES AND NEWTON’S LAWS
• Define force on a body
• Define basic terms used in describing static equilibrium
• State the TWO conditions for equilibrium
• Use conditions for static equilibrium to solve problems
• State Newton’s laws of motion
• Apply the laws of motion to solve problems
• Define Friction
• State and apply the laws of friction in solving problems
• Distinguish between static and kinetic friction
• Discuss the effects of friction
• Discuss everyday applications of friction
DEFINITION OF FORCE

WHAT IS A FORCE?

An interaction between TWO objects.

For example, pushes and pulls are forces.

We must be careful to think about a force as acting on one

object
from (or due to ) another object.
FORCES
Force is an action that can change motion.
• A force is what we call a push or a pull, or any action that has the
ability to change an object’s motion.
• Forces can be used to increase the speed of an object, decrease the
speed of an object, or change the direction in which an object is
moving.
• Forces can hold a body in a stable position or equilibrium
DEFINITIONS:

• Resultant is the net sum of vector quantities when added together.

• Equilibrium is a condition of zero net resultant.
• Equilibriant is that vector which when added to a system of vector
quantities establishes balance.
• Concurrent forces are those that act at the same point.
• Coplanar forces are such that they can be drawn on the same plane.
• Torque or moment is defined as force by perpendicular distance from
the pivot.
CONDITIONS FOR EQUILIBRIUM
Second Condition
• The sum of torque about any point must be equal to zero.
EXAMPLE 2

A 500N diver is on the end of a 4.0m diving board of negligible mass.

The board is on pedestals as shown in the figure below. What are the
forces that each pedestal exerts on the diving board?
Example 3: WEIGHTED ARM
Determinine the reaction R, at the elbow from the figure below.
 NEWTON’S FIRST LAW OF MOTION

A body continues in its state of the rest or of uniform motion in a

straight line unless it is compelled by an external force change
that state. This is the law of ‘inertia’
1ST LAW OF NEWTON OR LAW OF INERTIA
 Inertia is a term used to measure the ability of an object to resist a
change in its state of motion.
 An object with a lot of inertia takes a lot of force to start or stop; an
object with a small amount of inertia requires a small amount of force to
start or stop.
 The word “inertia” comes from the Latin word inertus, which can be
translated to mean “lazy.”
HOW IS “INERTIA” OVERCOME?
• The engine
• supplies force that allows you to change motion by pressing the gas
pedal.
• The brake system
• is designed to help you change your motion by slowing down.
• The steering wheel and steering system
• is designed to help you change your motion by changing your
direction.
 NEWTON’S SECOND LAW

When a body is acted upon by an external

force, the rate of change of momentum is
proportional to the force and takes place in
the direction of the force.
Momentum - is the product of the mass
and velocity of a body. The units are kg m/s
SECOND LAW MATHEMATICALLY

2nd Law

Momentum
ALTERNATIVE STATEMENT OF 2ND LAW

The acceleration of a body is directly

proportional to the force and inversely
proportional to mass.
 NEWTON’S 3RD LAW

To every action there is an equal and opposite

reaction

This law enables us to walk together with

frictional forces
ACTION AND REACTION
• Action and reaction forces act on different objects, not on the same object.
The forces cannot cancel because they act on different objects.
• Newton’s third law states that for every action force there has to be a reaction
force that is equal in strength and opposite in direction.
APPLYING THE THIRD LAW:LOCOMOTION
• The act of moving or the ability to move from one place to another
is called locomotion.
• Any animal or machine that moves depends on Newton’s third law
to get around.
• When we walk, we push off the ground and move forward because
of the ground pushing back on us in the opposite direction.
MORE ON THIRD LAW APPLICATIONS
• Jets, planes, and helicopters
push air.
• In a helicopter, the blades of
the propeller are angled such
that when they spin, they
push the air molecules down.
THIRD LAW

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COMBINING NEWTON'S LAWS
The propulsion of a rocket combies all
of Newton's laws:

The space shuttle Endeavor lifts off

for an 11-day mission in space. All of
Newton’s laws of motion - the law of
inertia, action-reaction, and the
acceleration produced by a resultant
force -are exhibited during this lift-off.
Credit: NASA Marshall Space Flight
Center (NASA-MSFC).
 EXAMPLE 5

A force of 50N is applied to a mass of 200kg. Calculate

the acceleration.
EXAMPLE 7
(a) A constant force acting on a 8 kg mass changes it speed from 2 m/s
to 3.8 m/s in 25 s. If the direction of motion of the body remains
unchanged, calculate the magnitude and direction of the force.
(b) Fuel is consumed at a rate of 100 kg/s in a rocket. The exhaust
gases are ejected at a speed of 4.5 x 10 4 m/s. What is the thrust by
the rocket?
EXAMPLE 8
(a) A rocket with a lift off mass of 20,000 kg is blasted upwards
with an initial acceleration of 5 m/s2 . Calculate the initial
thrust(force) of the blast.
(b) While launching a rocket of mass 2 x 10 4 kg, a force of 5 x 10 5
N is applied for 20 s. What is the velocity attained by the rocket at
the end of 20 s?
UNDERSTANDING FRICTION FORCES

Definition:
Friction is the force which opposes motion between
surfaces in contact.
 LAWS OF FRICTION

•Acts parallel to the surfaces in contact and will always

be opposite to the direction of the motion
•Depends upon the nature of the surfaces in contact,
e.g metal on metal, rubber on wood, e.t.c
• Type of surface , e.g. polished, lubricated e.t.c
•Directly proportional to the normal reaction
• Independent of the speed of motion at low speed and
reduces at high speed for moving body
•Independent of the areas of the surfaces in contact
STATIC AND KINETIC FRICTION

Static Friction
Experienced by stagnant or immobile bodies
Kinetic Friction
Experienced by bodies in motion
 EXAMPLE 7

A horizontal force of 98N is required to slide a

wooden packing case over a horizontal floor at
steady speed. If the coefficient of friction between
the floor and box is 0.5, find the mass of the packing
case.
 EXAMPLE 8

A body of mass 20kg lies on a horizontal floor. A

string is attached to the body, at an angle of 20
degrees above the horizontal. When the tension in
the string is 40N, the body begins to move. Find the
coefficient of friction k between the body and the
floor. Compare with the angle below the horizontal.
 INCLINED PLANE

The angle of repose is the minimum angle of inclination

of the plane with the horizontal, such that a body placed
on a the plane begins to slide down.
 EXAMPLE 9

A body of mass 4 kg is placed on a wooden plank of

length 1.5 m lying on the ground. The plank is lifted from
one end along its length so that it becomes inclined.
When the vertical height of the top end of the plank from
the ground is o.5 m, the box begins to slide. Find the
coefficient of friction between the box and the plank.
Applications of Friction
Friction Welding (FRW) is a solid state welding process which means
that in this process heat is not provided from outside the system and no
molten state of metal is present in this process.
More Industrial Applications of Friction
Application of Friction Force in Engineering and Technology

Examples: Automobile brakes, belt drive, wedge, vise/clamp,

etc.
• Between steering wheel and tires, of course, are a number of steps, with
the engine rotating the crankshaft and transmitting power to the clutch,
which applies friction to translate the motion of the crankshaft to the
gearbox.
• Whether they are disk brakes or drum brakes, two elements must come
together with a force more powerful than the engine’s, and friction
provides that needed force.

Friction Force can be detrimental in engineering and technology

Example: Loss of machine efficiency, overheat, wear and tear , noise, etc
Methods for Reducing Friction
• Lubrication
• Bearings
• Polishing surfaces in contact
• Chrome – plated surfaces in sliding contact
FORCES IN A LIFT/ELEVATOR

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CENTRIPETAL FORCE
• The force that causes a centripetal acceleration is known as a centripetal
force.
BANKING OF ROADS
• In the case of a cyclist and
banking of roads, centripetal
force:
v2
tan  
rg
• In the case the road is unbanked,
the centripetal accelerationis
provided by the force of friction
mv2
 F  R  mg
r

or
v  rg

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Example
An aircraft executes a horizontal loop at a speed of 720 km/h with its wings
banked at 15⁰. What is the radius of the loop?
MOTION IN A VERTICAL CIRCLE
• For any position the Tension is :

mv2
T  mg cos
r

I. For θ=0˚, lowest point of vertical

circle
mvl2
Tl   mg
r

II. For θ=180˚ , highest point of the

verticle,
2
mvh
Th   mg
r
FICTITIOUS FORCES/NON - INERTIAL FRAMES
• Taking of in Jet plane - While taking of in jet plane you feel as though
you are being pushed backwards, when in actual sense its the plane
pushing you forward.
• Turning a tight curve in car - when turning a tight curve say to the
right in car you msay feel as though you are being thrown to to the left
when actually there is no real force and you are moving in a straight line.
NEWTON'S LAW OF GRAVITATION
 For any two bodies

m1m2
F G
r2
where, m1 and m2 are masses, r is distances and also at short distances. The
value of universal constant (G) in SI units is 6.67 x 10-11 Nm 2 kg -2 .
 The gravitational force is independent of nature of the intervening
medium. It is also independent of the presence or absence of other
bodies.
 Gravity is the earth's gravitational pull on the body lying on or near the
earth's surface.
RELATION BETWEEN g and G:
• All bodies lying on the surface of the earth or near its surface, are attracted
by the Earth with a force

Mm
F  G
R2
• where M is force of the earth, m the mass of the body lying on the surface
of Earth of radius R.
From
F  mg
Mm
 F  G 2  mg
R
or
Gm
g 
R2
VARIATION OF g DUE TO GRAVITY
• Acceleration due to gravity g, decreases as you move high up above
the surface of the earth.
• Acceleration due to gravity g, decreases with depth towards the
centre of the earth.
• the value of acceleration due to gravity is greater at the poles than at
the equator, as the earth is noe a perfect sphere, but rather ellipsoidal
in shape.
READING ASSIGNMENT
• Discuss two daily applications of the third law of Newton in your daily
life.
• Describe the operation of air bag in a car.
• On what principle does the car sit belt operate?
• “Friction is a necessary evil”. Briefly discuss the statement
• What is a conservative force?
• What is a centrifugal force?
• State some methods of reducing friction.
• State some useful applications of friction in everyday life
• What are some undesirable effects of friction?
• Why are tires of car made wider?
• Explain the concept of automobile antilock brake system.
REFERENCES
• Serway and Faughn,(1999), College Physics,5ed., Brooks/Cole-
Thompson
• Learning. Serway, Physics for Scientists and Engineers, e- Book.
• Maholtra Stalin,(2007), Numerical Problems in Physics For Class XI,
Tata Macgraw Publishing Company, Limited