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16 views

4 1-Internetworking1

Uploaded by

nehatabassum4237
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CIDR – Classless InterDomain Routing

• Classless Inter-Domain Routing


(CIDR) allows network routers to route
data packets to the respective device
based on the indicated subnet.
CIDR – Classless InterDomain Routing

5-59

A set of IP address assignments. The routing tables all over the world
are now updated with the three assigned entries.

ADRESS MASK
C:11000010 00011000 00000000 00000000 1-1 1-1 11111000 0-0
E:11000010 00011000 00001000 00000000 1-1 1-1 11111100 0-0
O:11000010 00011000 00010000 00000000 1-1 1-1 11110000 0-0
INTERNET CONTROL PROTOCOLS

• In addition to IP, which is used for data


transfer, the internet has several control
protocols used in the network layer, including
ICMP, ARP, RARP, BOOTP, and DHCP.
ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol

• The operation of the Internet is monitored


closely by the routers.
• When something unexpected occurs, the
event is reported by the ICMP, which is also
used to test the internet.
• About a dozen types of ICMP message are
defined.
Internet Control Message Protocol

5-61

The principal ICMP message types.


ICMP - Internet Control Message Protocol

• The Internet Control Message Protocol


(ICMP) is a network layer protocol used by
network devices to diagnose network
communication issues.
ARP and RARP
ARP

• Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is a


protocol or procedure that connects an
ever-changing Internet Protocol (IP)
address to a fixed physical machine
address, also known as a media access
control (MAC) address, in a local-area
network (LAN).
ARP Packet
Network
Type - Ethernet
is type 1(16 bit)

Protocol Type-
IPv4=x0800

Hardware
Length: length of
Ethernet
Address (6)

Protocol
Length: length of
IPv4 address (4)
RARP
• Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP) is a
protocol a physical machine in a local area network
(LAN) can use to request its IP address.
RARP Packet
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol(DHCP)
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, is a network protocol used to automate the
process of assigning IP addresses and other network configuration parameters to
devices (such as computers, smartphones, and printers) on a network.

Operation of DHCP.

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