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Climate and Weather

Bs Education 3rd Semester (R) 2023-27 Subject : Teaching history and geography Teacher Dr Ghulam Muhammad Malik Institute of Education UOS 3rd Sem Feb 2024 - june 2024 Final paper schedule CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00) Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm) Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm) educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00) English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00) Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)

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Kamran Abdullah
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26 views

Climate and Weather

Bs Education 3rd Semester (R) 2023-27 Subject : Teaching history and geography Teacher Dr Ghulam Muhammad Malik Institute of Education UOS 3rd Sem Feb 2024 - june 2024 Final paper schedule CALL(Mon) 03-6-2024(8:00-10:00) Philosophy of education(TUE) 04-6-2024 (10:30am -12:30pm) Educational psychology(WED) 05-6-2024(10: 30am -12:30pm) educational technology and ICT (THUR)06-6-2024(8:00 -10:00) English(Fri )07-6-2024(8:00-10:00) Teaching of history and Geography(Mon )10-6-2024(8:00-10:00)

Uploaded by

Kamran Abdullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRESENTATION

TOPIC NAME: CURRENT


ELECTRICITY CH.8

SUBMITTED TO: Dr Ghulham Muhammad


SUBMITTED BY:
Kamran Abdullah - 04
Faheem Nadir - 05
Muzammal Abbas – 11
M Ali Raza Shah - 41
INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION
UNIVERSITY OF SARGODHA
Chapter 2
Climate
Chapter 2
Climate
GROUP MEMEBERS
1)Kamran - 04 : Climate and weather
2) Irshad - 02: Temperature and Atmosphere
3) Muzammal - 11 : Rainfall
4)Faheem Nadir - 05 : Winds
5) Ali Shah – 41 : Air Pressure
Climate and Weather
Climate and Weather

Weather: Weather refers to


the short-term atmospheric
conditions in a specific area, such
as temperature, humidity,
precipitation, wind speed, and
atmospheric pressure,
experienced over hours or days.
Climate and Weather

Climate: Climate refers to the


long-term patterns and averages
of weather conditions observed in
a particular region over an
extended period, typically
averaging 30 years or more,
reflecting prevailing atmospheric
patterns and variations.
Factors Influencing Weather and Climate
• Latitude: The position of a location relative to the equator affects its climate.
Regions near the equator experience warmer temperatures, while those closer
to the poles are colder.
• Altitude: Higher altitudes generally have cooler temperatures due to lower air
pressure and thinner atmosphere.
• Ocean Currents: Warm ocean currents can moderate temperatures in
coastal areas, while cold currents have the opposite effect.
• Air Masses: Different air masses bring varying weather conditions,
depending on their temperature, humidity, and stability.
• Topography: Mountains, valleys, and bodies of water can influence local
weather patterns, such as rainfall distribution and wind direction.
Types of Weather
• Clear: Skies are cloudless, and visibility is excellent, often associated with
sunny conditions.
• Cloudy: Sky is covered with clouds, reducing sunlight and possibly leading to
overcast conditions.
• Rainy: Precipitation in the form of rain falls from the clouds, varying in
intensity from light drizzle to heavy downpour.
• Snowy: Precipitation falls as snowflakes, accumulating on the ground and
potentially causing travel disruptions.
• Foggy: Visibility is significantly reduced due to the presence of fog, which
consists of water droplets suspended in the air.
• Windy: Strong winds blow across the area, potentially causing damage to
structures and vegetation.
Types of Climates
1.Tropical: Characterized by warm temperatures year-round, high humidity, and abundant
rainfall, found near the equator.
2.Temperate: Moderate temperatures with distinct seasons, including warm summers and cool
winters, typical of regions away from the equator.
3.Arid: Dry climate with low precipitation and high temperatures, often found in desert regions.
4.Polar: Cold temperatures year-round, with ice caps and glaciers prevalent in polar regions
near the Earth's poles.
5.Continental: Wide temperature variations between seasons, with hot summers and cold
winters, typical of interior regions far from oceans.
6.Mediterranean: Mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers, characteristic of regions
bordering the Mediterranean Sea.
7.Mountainous: Varied climates depending on altitude, with lower elevations experiencing
temperate conditions and higher elevations having cooler temperatures and more precipitation.
Characteristics
Characteristics of Climate:
•Long-term patterns and averages
•Reflects prevailing atmospheric conditions
•Averages temperature, precipitation, humidity, and wind patterns
•Stable and relatively predictable over time
•Influences ecosystems, agriculture, and human activities
Characteristics of Weather:
•Short-term atmospheric conditions
•Includes temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind speed, and atmospheric
pressure
•Highly variable and dynamic
•Can change rapidly over hours or days
•Impactful on daily activities and immediate environmental conditions
Temperature, Atmosphere

Temperature:
Definition: Temperature is a measure of the hotness or coldness of an
object or substance. It reflects the average kinetic energy (movement) of the
atoms or molecules that make up the object. Higher temperatures indicate
faster-moving particles, while lower temperatures indicate slower-moving
particles.Characteristics of Weather:

Atmosphere:
Definition: The atmosphere is the layer of gases that surrounds a
celestial body, like Earth. It is held in place by the body's gravity. Earth's
atmosphere is a complex mixture of gases.
Factors
Factors Affecting Factors Affecting Atmosphere:
Temperature: - Solar radiation
- Latitude - Composition of gases
- Altitude - Atmospheric pressure
- Distance from the sea (Maritime vs. - Temperature gradients
Continental) - Water vapor content
- Ocean currents - Presence of aerosols and pollutants
- Prevailing winds - Topography
- Cloud cover - Human activities (e.g., emissions,
- Albedo (reflectivity of Earth's deforestation)
surface)
- Urbanization
Layers of Atmosphere
Troposphere: (0-12 kilometers above Earth's surface)

Stratosphere: (12-50 kilometers)

Mesosphere: (50-85 kilometers)

Thermosphere: (85-600 kilometers)

Exosphere: (600-10,000 kilometers)

Ozone Layer: Within the lower portion of the stratosphere, roughly 10-50
kilometers above Earth's surface.
Rainfall
Rainfall refers to the precipitation of liquid water from the
atmosphere onto Earth's surface. It is a crucial component of the
hydrological cycle, the continuous process of water movement
on, above, and below the Earth's surface. Rainfall replenishes
freshwater resources, sustains ecosystems, and shapes
landscapes.
Types of Rainfall

Types of Rainfall:
1) Convectional Rainfall
2) Orographic Rainfall
3) Frontal Rainfall
4) Cyclonic Rainfall
Factors Affecting Rainfall

1) Temperature
2) Humidity
3) Air pressure
4) Wind patterns
5) Topography
6) Proximity to water bodies
Definition of Winds

Winds are horizontal movements of air in the


Earth's atmosphere caused by differences in air
pressure, temperature, and the rotation of the
Earth.
Types of Wind

1) Trade winds
2) Westerlies
3) Easterlies
4) Monsoons
5) Sea breezes
6) Land breezes
Factors Affecting Winds

1) Pressure gradients
2) Temperature differentials
3) Earth's rotation (Coriolis effect)
4) Topography
5) Surface roughness
6) Global atmospheric circulation patterns
Roles of Winds

1) Transporting heat and moisture


2) Influencing weather patterns
3) Distributing seeds and pollen
4) Erosion and sediment transport
5) Generating ocean currents
6) Facilitating navigation and aviation
Seasons of Winds

1) Summer winds
2) Winter winds
3) Monsoon winds
4) Spring winds
5) Autumn winds
Air Pressure

Definition: The force exerted by the


weight of the atmosphere pressing down
on a unit area of the Earth's surface.
Units, & Instruments of Measurement
Units of Measurement:
Millibars (mb) - Most common in meteorology.
Pascals (Pa) - SI unit.
Inches of mercury (inHg) - Used in older instruments.

Instruments of Measurement:

Mercury Barometer (Traditional)


Aneroid Barometer (More portable and widely used)
Factors Affecting Air Pressure

1)Temperature
2)Gravity
3)Water Vapor
Weather Patterns

1) High Pressure (Anticyclones): Clear skies,


stable weather, calm winds.
2) Low Pressure (Cyclones): Cloud
formation, precipitation, potential for
storms.
Importance in Atmospheric Circulation

1) Drives wind movement from areas of high


pressure to low pressure.
2) Influences global and regional weather
patterns, helps predict weather events.

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