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Introduction To Analytical Chemistry

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11 views

Introduction To Analytical Chemistry

Uploaded by

jamelarinangelclarisse
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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CHAPTER 1 BOOK OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

• The nature of analytical chemistry


• Qualitative and quantitative analysis
• Sensitivity of analysis
• Solution
• Electrolytes
• Solubility rules
Analytical Chemistry

Quantitative Analysis Qualitative Analysis

Gravimetric Analysis Instrumental Analysis

Volumetric Analysis
It is a measurement science consisting of a set
of powerful ideas and methods that are
useful in all fields of science and medicine.
Qualitative Analysis (identification)
Provides information about the elements
and compounds in a sample.
“Identifying what is in unknown”

Quantitative Analysis
Provides information about the amount of each
substance in a sample .
“Identifying how much is present”
Qualitative
Qualitative analysis
analysis is
is what.
what.
Quantitative
Quantitative analysis
analysis is
is how
how much.
much.

©Gary Christian, Analytical Chemistry, 6th Ed. (Wiley)


Analytes – are substances being measured.

Species - any chemical of interest in the analysis


Sensitivity of analysis

Trace analysis =
1-1000 ppm or
0.0001-0.1 wt.%
Ultra trace analysis
= < 1ppm or
0.0001 wt.%
Macro- = >1mg
Micro- = < 1 mg
The Role of Analytical Chemistry
 Analytical chemistry plays a vital role in
the development of science.
 Plays a vital role in many research areas
in chemistry, biochemistry, biology,
geology, physics, and the other sciences.
 All branches of chemistry draw on the
ideas and techniques of analytical
chemistry.
Where is Analytical Chemistry used?
1- Clinical laboratories.
2- Forensic laboratories.
3-Environmental laboratories.
4- Manufacturing /industry
5- Research.
6- Others.
Analytical chemistry and other branches of sciences
Steps in chemical analysis:
Steps in chemical analysis

1. Formulating the question.

2. Selecting the analytical


procedure.
Steps in chemical analysis
3. Sampling

Sampling: selecting representative material


to analyze
Steps in chemical analysis
• 3. Sample preparation
Steps in chemical analysis

3. Analysis

4. Interpretation and reporting

5. Drawing conclusions
Sample preparation
1. sample storage(e.g. temperature, moisture)

2. Grinding, extracting analyte, etc.


Sample preparation
3. Dissolving sample, dispersing analyte)
4- Concentrating analyte.
Sample preparation

5. Eliminate interfering/ “mask” species (drying,


ignition, isolation).
Types of Analysis:
• Gravimetric Methods:
Measure the mass of the analyte or some compound
chemically related to it.

• Volumetric Methods:
Measure the volume of a solution containing sufficient
reagent to react completely with the analyte.
Quantitative Analytical Methods
Spectroscopic Methods:
measurement based on the interaction between
electromagnetic radiation and analytes.
Mass spectrometry
Measure of mass to charge ratio (m/z) of analytes.
Electroanalytical Methods:
measure of electrical properties such as voltage, current,
resistance, and quantity of electrical charge.
Others :
Radioactive decay, heat of reaction, optical activity,
refractive index, rate of reaction
Measurements
SI Units (International System of Units)
Measurements
Prefixes used with SI Units
Mass /amount of substance
Mass – is the number (amount) of substances
moles (mol); kilogram (kg) gram (g)

1 mole = 6.022×1023 particles (e.g. atoms, molecules, ions).


Atomic mass = number of grams containing
Avogadro's number (6.022×1023 ) of atoms
Molecular mass = number of grams containing
Avogadro's number (6.022×1023 ) of molecules; sum of
atomic masses of elements in a molecule
Solution solute

solution

Solution : A homogenous
mixture of two or more
substances, the solute and
the solvent.
A solute is what dissolves or
disappears, like salt or sugar. solvent
A solvent is what does the
dissolving.
Examples
• Example: Saltwater
Salt
– What is the solute?______
– What is the solvent?___________
water
• Example – 70% ethanol solution.
Water
– Solute _______________
Ethanol
– Solvent________________
– Why? If 70% is ethanol, then it must be the solvent.
The remaining 30% is water, the solute.
-Solutions can be electrolytes or non- electrolytes.

Molten salt is salt that is solid at standard temperature and


pressure but liquified due to elevated temperature. A salt that is
liquid even at standard temperature and pressure is usually
called a room-temperature ionic liquid, and molten salts are
technically a class of ionic liquids.
Solution
Some non-electrolytes can also dissolve in water
Solution
• e.g. NaCl salt
Electrolyte
Electrolytes: A substance that dissociates into ions in
aqueous solution and conduct electricity.
Like dissolves like
https://youtu.be/PoQjsnQmxok

https://youtu.be/PoQjsnQmxok?t=199
Making
solutions

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