Educational Research

Introduction

Dr. Pius N.P.

 Warming-Up Discussion

 What topic of interest do you have in

English Language Teaching, Linguistics, or
literature?
 What research experience have you already
have?

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 Session One Objectives

 Why Conduct Research?

 Thesis, a Presentation of Research Findings
 Research Cycle
 Examining the Steps of the Research Cycle
 Categories of Research

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Introduction
Educators are, by necessity, decision makers. Daily they face the task of
deciding how to plan learning experiences, teach and guide students, organize a
school system, and a myriad other matters. Unlike unskilled workers, who are
told what to do and how to do it, professionals must plan for themselves. People
assume that professionals have the knowledge and skills necessary to make valid
decisions about what to do and how. We generally define knowledge as justified
true belief. How are educators to know what is true? How do they acquire
reliable information? Although there are other sources of knowledge, such as
experience, authority, and tradition, scientific knowledge about the educational
process makes the most valuable contribution to decision making in education.
Educators can turn to this source for reliable information and suggestions to be
used in decision-making. This fund of knowledge has been made available to
educators by scientific inquiry into educational problems. However, education
has not always been influenced by the results of such careful and systematic
investigations. In fact, the development of an educational science is at a
comparatively early stage

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Sources of knowledge
 Experience: a familiar and well-used source of knowledge
 Authority: someone who has had experience with the
problem or has some other source of expertise.
 Deductive reasoning: a thinking process in which one
proceeds from general to specific knowledge through
logical argument.
 Inductive reasoning: the reverse of the deductive method
 Scientific Approach: integrate the most important aspects
of the inductive and deductive methods that include the
use of HYPOTHESIS

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 Nature of Research
 Scientific research is the application of the scientific approach to
studying a problem. It is a way to acquire dependable and useful
information. Its purpose is to discover answers to meaningful
questions by applying scientific procedures (Ary at. al, 2010)
 Research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze
information to increase our understanding of a topic or issue.
(Creswel, 2012)
 Educational research is the application of the scientific approach
to the study of educational problems. Educational research is the
way in which people acquire dependable and useful information
about the educative process. (Creswel, 2012)

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 Why Conduct Research?
1. Fills in blanks in our knowledge
2. Expands our own understanding of issues
3. Reproduce knowledge, to validate other’s work
4. Add other perspectives to the knowledge base
5. Improves Practice
• Learn about new practices (new ways of doing)
• Evaluate existing practices (why are we doing
this?)
6. Informs about important policy issues

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Bachelor students’ research
Indonesian National Competence Framework
Level 6 (D4 or Sarjana)
Mampu mengaplikasikan bidang keahliannya dan memanfaatkan ilmu
pengetahuan, teknologi, dan/atau seni pada bidangnya dalam penyelesaian
masalah serta mampu beradaptasi terhadap situasi yang dihadapi.
Menguasai konsep teoretis bidang pengetahuan tertentu secara umum dan
konsep teoretis bagian khusus dalam bidang pengetahuan tersebut secara
mendalam, serta mampu memformulasikan penyelesaian masalah
prosedural.
Mampu mengambil keputusan yang tepat berdasarkan analisis informasi
dan data, dan mampu memberikan petunjuk dalam memilih berbagai
alternatif solusi secara mandiri dan kelompok.
Bertanggung jawab pada pekerjaan sendiri dan dapat diberi tanggung jawab
atas pencapaian hasil kerja organisasi.

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 Master Degree Research
 Mampu mengembangkan pengetahuan, teknologi, dan/atau
seni di dalam bidang keilmuannya atau praktek
profesionalnya melalui riset, hingga menghasilkan karya
inovatif dan teruji.
 Mampu memecahkan permasalahan ilmu pengetahuan,
teknologi, dan/atau seni di dalam bidang keilmuannya
melalui pendekatan inter atau multidisipliner.
 Mampu mengelola riset dan pengembangan yang
bermanfaat bagi masyarakat dan keilmuan, serta mampu
mendapat pengakuan nasional dan internasional.

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Research Assistant

 Research assistants are mostly found in the social science

or laboratory setting. These research assistants are often
undergraduates looking to get credit for assisting a
professor in their research, and will perform experiments
under their supervision.
 Research assistants that work in academia are likely
students that have already earned a bachelor’s degree in
an area that closely relates to their field of work, and are in
the process of earning a graduate degree in that field.

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 Presentation of Findings
 A thesis is a formal method of sharing the results
of research.
 It is common requirement in higher education for
those completing higher education degrees.
 A thesis should Not be confused with a
dissertation. Three important differences:
a) Length
b) Rigor
c) Uniqueness of the research

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Skills after writing undergraduate
thesis
 Communication: Ability to speak and write about their
findings clearly, as well as understand assignments and
instructions.
 Attention to Detail: Finding the right information takes
concentration.
 Critical Thinking: Skills to use decisive reasoning to
determine the best course of action in their research.
 Technical Skills: Skills to use computers to research their
information, as well as record their findings.

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 How Research is Conducted?
“Scientific Method”
4 Steps of Inquiry
1. Observation

Sequential
• Defines goal of research
2. Make a prediction
• If confirmed, resolves problem
3. Gather Data
• Relevant to prediction
4. Analyze & Interpret Data
• Determine if it supports prediction

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 Research Process Cycle
Identifying A Research Problem
Specifying a problem
Justifying it
Why do we need to study it?
Reporting & Evaluating Reviewing the Literature
What does this mean? Locating Resources
Which audience Selecting
Structuring report Summarizing

Analysis/Interpretation Purpose and

Breaking down data Methodology
Depicting Data Purpose Statements
Explaining Data Funneling/Narrowing to
Collecting Data research questions or
Study Groups/Control & hypothesis
Treatment
Permission
Gathering Information

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 Research Cycle & Thesis Chapters
Identifying A Research
Chapter Five Chapter One
Problem
Specifying a problem
Justifying it
Reporting & Evaluating Why do we need to study Reviewing the Literature
What does this mean? it? Locating Resources
Which audience Selecting
Structuring report Chapter Two Summarizing

Analysis/Interpretation Purpose and Methodology

Breaking down data Purpose Statements
Depicting Data
Chapter Three Funneling/Narrowing to
Explaining Data research questions or
hypothesis
Collecting Data
Study Groups/Control &
Treatment
Permission
Gathering Information
Chapter Four

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Let’s Look at the Steps
Individually
•Identify a problem or issue
•One that needs to be resolved

•How?
•Specify the topic Justify why it needs to be studied
•Suggest the importance of this topic to a specific group
•Why Specify?
•Specifying limits broad topics makes them easier to
research.
•Introduction also called the Statement of the Problem

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 Let’s Look at the Steps
Individually
Literature Review Defined:
Locating summaries, books, journals, and indexed
publications on a topic, selectively choosing which
literature is relevant, and then writing a report that
summarizes that literature.

Both Faculty and Students have fears about research

Faculty: the research won’t build on existing
knowledge.
Student: after planning and conducting research that it
will merely replicate prior research.

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 Let’s Look at the Steps
Individually
Defining the Methodology
Key Chapter: Introduces the entire study, signals the procedures to be
used (research methodologies, e.g. Ethnographic), and points to the
results to be found.
This chapter must be crafted carefully.
Your explanation of how you are going to go about collecting data so that
others could replicate your study.

Collecting Data: identifying and selecting individuals for a study; obtaining

their permission to be studied; and gathering information by administering
instruments, through asking people questions or observing their behavior.

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 Let’s Look at the Steps
Individually
Analyzing and Interpreting the Data
Analysis Means: taking the data apart to see
individual responses and putting it back together to
summarize it.
Presentation of findings, no explanation.
Charts and Graphs Important to this chapter.

Reporting and Evaluating Research

Determining the audience and structuring the report
in a format that is acceptable to this audience.
Explains what this research means

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Discuss

What might be the most relevant

strategies for you to start thinking
about your research activities?

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 Classification of Research
by
Purpose

 Basic Research: Develop or Refine a Theory

 Applied Research: Applying or Testing a Theory to see if useful
in solving a problem
 Evaluation Research: Collecting & Analyzing data about the
quality, effectiveness of programs, products, or practices
 Research & Development: Researching needs and Developing
products to meet the needs.
 Action Research: Systematic approach of inquiry within a
particular school for the purpose of solving localized problems
not contributing to science.

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 Classifying Research
by
Research Method
 Quantitative Research: Collection of numerical data for
the purpose of
– Explaining
– Predicting and/or
– Controlling a phenomenon of interest

 Qualitative Research: Collection, analysis of non-

numerical data for the purpose of gaining insights into a
particular phenomenon of interest

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Methods of conducting research.

Case Study Correlational

Survey Descriptive

Narrative Mixed Causal-Comparative

Grounded Theory
Experimental
Ethnographic
Single Subject

Qualitative Quantitative

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 When Should I Use A Quantitative
Research Method?
 When the research problem is a description of trends
or an explanation of the relationship among variables.

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When Should I Use A Qualitative
research Method?

 When the research problem is an exploration

and understanding of a central phenomenon.

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 Discuss

 What are you going to do next to prepare

for discussion about research methods?
 What aspects of research do you think the
most difficult?
 What strategies do you think the best to you
to learn about research?

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