EC1022 – Electrical Systems

Nimsiri Abhayasinghe
PhD(Curtin), MSc(Moratuwa), BSc Eng (Hons)
(Moratuwa)
Subashini De Silva
MSc(Colombo), Beng (Hons) (SHU)
Department of Electrical & Electronic
Engineering
Delta-Wye Conversions
2
 Network Theorems
3

Chapter 9 of the reference book

 Network Theorems
4

Superposition Theorem
Thévenin’s Theorem
Norton’s Theorem
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
 Superposition Theorem
5

A method which allows us to determine the current

through or the voltage across any resistor or branch
in a network.
No complex equations to be solved like in Mesh or
Nodal analysis.
Theorem:
 The total current through or voltage across a resistor
or branch may be determined by summing the effects
due to each independent source.
 Superposition Theorem
6

All sources except the one being examined need to be

removed.
Voltage sources: replace with a short circuit

Current sources: replace with an open circuit

 Example 1
7
Determine the current in
the load resistor, RL.
Verify that the
superposition theorem
does not apply to power.
 Solution
8
We first determine the
current through RL due
to the voltage source by
removing the current
source and replacing in
with an open circuit (zero
amps).
Solution
9
 Solution
10
Next, we determine the
current through RL due
to the current source by
removing the voltage
source and replacing it
with a short circuit (zero
volts).
Solution
11
Solution
12
 Example 2
13

Determine the voltage drop across the resistor R2 of

the circuit.
 Solution
14

Since this circuit has three separate sources, it is necessary to

determine the voltage across R2 due to each individual source.
First, we consider the voltage across R2 due to the 16 V
source.
Solution
15
 Solution
16

Next, we consider the current source.

Solution
17
 Solution
18

Finally, the voltage due to the 32-V source is found.

Solution
19
 Thévenin’s Theorem
20

Thévenin’s theorem allows even the most complicated circuit

to be reduced to a single voltage source and a single resistance.
If we wanted to find the current through the variable load
resistor of the below circuit when RL = 0, RL = 2 kΩ, and RL = 5
kΩ using existing methods, we would need to analyze the entire
circuit three separate times.
 Thévenin’s Theorem
21
Any linear bilateral
network may be reduced
to a simplified two-
terminal circuit
consisting of a single
voltage source in series
with a single resistor as
shown in the figure.
 Thévenin Equivalent - Steps
22

1. Remove the load from the circuit.

2. Label the resulting two terminals.
 We will label them as a and b, although any notation may be used.
3. Set all sources in the circuit to zero.
 Voltage sources are set to zero by replacing them with short circuits (zero volts).
 Current sources are set to zero by replacing them with open circuits (zero amps).
4. Determine the Thévenin equivalent resistance, RTh, by calculating the resistance
“seen” between terminals a and b. It may be necessary to redraw the circuit to
simplify this step.
5. Replace the sources removed in Step 3, and determine the open-circuit voltage
between the terminals. The resulting open-circuit voltage will be the value of the
Thévenin voltage, ETh.
 If the circuit has more than one source, it may be necessary to use the superposition theorem. In that case, it
will be necessary to determine the open-circuit voltage due to each source separately and then determine the
combined effect.
6. Draw the Thévenin equivalent circuit using the resistance determined in Step 4 and
the voltage calculated in Step 5. As part of the resulting circuit, include that portion
of the network removed in Step 1.
 Example 1
23
Determine the Thévenin
equivalent circuit
external to the resistor RL
for the circuit of the
figure.
Use the Thévenin
equivalent circuit to
calculate the current
through RL.
 Solution
24
Steps 1 and 2:
Removing the load
resistor from the circuit
and labelling the
remaining terminals, we
obtain the circuit shown
in the figure.
 Solution
25

Step 3: Setting the sources to zero, we have the

circuit shown in the figure.
Solution
26
 Solution
27

Step 6: The resulting Thévenin equivalent circuit is

shown below.
Solution
28
 Example 2
29

Find the Thévenin equivalent circuit excluding the load of the

circuit below. Using the equivalent circuit, determine the current
through the load resistor when RL = 0, RL = 2 kΩ, and RL = 5
kΩ.
Solution
30
Solution
31
Solution
32
Solution
33
Solution
34
 Norton’s Theorem
35

This is similar to Thévenin’s theorem but reduce the

circuit to a single current source and a parallel
resistor.
 Norton’s Theorem
36
Any linear bilateral
network may be reduced
to a simplified two-
terminal circuit
consisting of a single
current source and a
single shunt resistor as
shown in the figure.
 Norton Equivalent - Steps
37

1. Remove the load from the circuit.

2. Label the resulting two terminals.
 We will label them as a and b, although any notation may be used.
3. Set all sources to zero.
 Voltage sources are set to zero by replacing them with short circuits (zero volts).
 Current sources are set to zero by replacing them with open circuits (zero amps).
4. Determine the Norton equivalent resistance, RN, by calculating the resistance
seen between terminals a and b.
5. Replace the sources removed in Step 3, and determine the current which would
occur in a short if the short were connected between terminals a and b.
 If the original circuit has more than one source, it may be necessary to use the superposition
theorem. In this case, it will be necessary to determine the short-circuit current due to each source
separately and then determine the combined effect. The resulting short-circuit current will be the
value of the Norton current IN.
6. Sketch the Norton equivalent circuit using the resistance determined in Step 4
and the current calculated in Step 5. As part of the resulting circuit, include
that portion of the network removed in Step 1.
 Thévenin Equivalent Norton Equivalent
38

The Norton equivalent circuit may also be

determined directly from the Thévenin equivalent
circuit by using the source conversion technique
 Example 1
39
Determine the Norton
equivalent circuit
external to the resistor RL
for the circuit of the
figure.
Use the Norton
equivalent circuit to
calculate the current
through RL.
 Solution
40
Steps 1 and 2: Remove
load resistor RL from the
circuit and label the
remaining terminals as a
and b.
 Solution
41

Step 3: Zero the voltage and current sources as

shown in the circuit.
 Solution
42
Step 5: Short-circuit With E only
current
 Solution
43
Step 5: Short-circuit With I only
current
 Solution
44
Step 5: Short-circuit Total IN
current
 Solution
45

Step 6: The resultant Norton equivalent circuit is

shown below.
Solution
46
 47

Next Week
 Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
48

In amplifiers and in most communication circuits

such as radio receivers and transmitters, it is often
desired that the load receive the maximum amount
of power from a source.
The maximum power transfer theorem states
the following:
 A load resistance will receive maximum power from a circuit
when the resistance of the load is exactly the same as the
Thévenin (Norton) resistance looking back at the circuit.
Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
49
Maximum power transfer
occurs when

Hence, maximum power

delivered to the RL is:
MPTT Proof
50
MPTT Proof
51
Example
52
Thévanin Resistance and Voltage
53
 Solution
54

We derived the Thévenin equivalent for this circuit

which is shown below:
 Mesh/Nodal Analysis with Dependent Sources
55

So far, we had all independent sources.

What if we have dependent sources in the circuit?
Dependent sources:
 Voltage controlled voltage sources
 Current controlled voltage sources
 Voltage controlled current sources
 Current controlled current sources
Dependent Sources
56
 Method of Analysis
57

Treat the dependent source as an independent

source and write KCL and KVL equations
Then apply the dependency equation
 Example
58

Find Vo of the circuit.

Solution
59