FATE AND TRANSPORT OF

CONTAMINANTS
 The understanding of contaminant transport builds
upon the knowledge of several diverse disciplines
including :
earth science,
geology,
fluid mechanics,
chemistry, physics,
hydrology, and
biology.
CONTAMINANT RELEASE

 Liquid releases:
- contaminated runoff,
- direct aqueous discharges to
- surface water, and
- leachate to ground water.
Air emissions can include :
- volatile emissions from lagoons
- direct atmospheric discharges from stacks.

Stack emissions can include :

- gaseous emissions (e.g., products of combustion such
as C02 and H2S and products of incomplete
combustion such as trace organic gases)
- particulate emissions (e.g.. fly ash potentially laden with
toxic metals).
Releases of contaminants in solid:
- form occur in air (e.g., fugitive dust) and
- in water (e.g., suspended solids).

These releases typically have contaminants

adsorbed to solids or dissolved in fluids.
 Contaminant releases are either controlled or
uncontrolled
 The types of air emissions
examples:

 Point : Incinerator stack; landfill gas vent

 Line : Dust from road; vehicle emissions from a
roadway
 Area : Volatile emissions from a lagoon
 Volume : Volatile or particulate emissions from a
building with open windows and doors
 Puff : Volatile emissions from an accidental spill
Volatilization
 is the transfer of a chemical substance from a liquid
phase to a gaseous phase.

 Volatilization is the predominant source of atmospheric

emissions at most uncontrolled hazardous waste sites.

 Aboveground sources include storage tanks, pipe

fittings, and the surfaces of lagoons.
 Organics may volatilize from the leachate and
move to the ground surface.

 Emissions also can come from the volatilization

of dissolved chemicals in contaminated ground
water, even from a plume that has migrated
laterally a considerable distance from a site.
 The volatilization rate depends in part upon :
- temperature,
- vapor pressure of the substance, and
- the difference in the concentration between the liquid
and gas phases.

Volatilized contaminants may go directly to the

atmosphere, or they may traverse a tortuous path such
as contaminants in the subsurface,
The sources from a lagoon are:

 Lateral migration of volatiles through the sides of the

lagoon,
 Lateral migration of volatiles from leachate and
contaminated soils in the vadose zone,
 Volatilization from the lagoon surface, and
 Volatilization of dissolved species in ground water.
Release from A landfill surface could occur via:

 Release through desiccation cracks in the cover,

 Diffusion through the cover,
 Release through the system used to vent methane
generated by the biodegradation of organic waste,
 Release through the system used to collect leachate
generated within the landfill, and
 Volatilization of exposed waste prior to covering.
Particulate Matter Emissions
 Waste treatment operations generate particulate matter
emissions.
 Incinerators, directly discharge particulate matter.
Fugitive particulate matter emissions from :
 Roadways
 Open waste piles
 Staging areas
 Dry surface impoundments
 Landfills
 Land treatment operations
 Waste stabilization basins
 Generation of fugitive dust by vehicular traffic
is a function of soil properties and vehicular
characteristics such as vehicle speed, weight,
and number of wheels.
 Dust generation is particularly sensitive to soil
moisture and soil particle size and can be
estimated using the empirical formula

0 .7 0.5
 S P  VV  M V   WV   365  DP 
EVT  5.9       
 12  30  3   4   365 
 EvT = emission factor (Ib/vehicle mile traveled)
 SP = Silt content of road surface material (%)
 VV = mean vehicle velocity (mi/hr)
 MV = mean vehicle mass (tons)
 WV = mean number of wheels
 DP = number of days per year with at least 0.01 inches of
precipitation

The release of dust from unpaved roads can be as high as 1

kg/vehicle kilometer (3.6 Ib/vehicle mile) if not more
 To estimate particulate emissions from
materials‑handling operations such as soil
loading and unloading, the following equation
can be used :
1.3
U 
 
5
E  k (0.0032)  1.4
M 
 
 2 
E = emission factor (Ib of particulates released
to air/ton of soil moved)
k = particle‑size multiplier (dimensionless)
U = mean wind speed (mi/hr)
M = material moisture content (%)
Emission factor, E, may be multiplied by the tons of material handled to
achieve an estimate of total emissions.
Particle‑size multiplier, k, reflects the aerodynamic particle diameter, as
follows:

Particle size < 30 mm< 15 mm< 10 mm< 5 mm < 2.5 mm

k 0.74 0.48 0.35 0.20 0.11
Releases to Water

 The varieties of aqueous waste streams with direct

discharges to surface water Examples include effluent
from treatment works, cooling water scrubber
blowdown from incinerators, treated leachate from
landfills, and treated wash water from recycling/reuse
facilities.
 Virtually every industrial and commercial facility
generates a wastewater. Because our ability to clean
up wastewater is and always will be less than 100%.
Landfill Leachate

 The release of leachate first requires the

generation of leachate within the landfill. Most
sources are water such as:

- Precipitation falling directly onto the landfill,

- Surface flow that has run onto the landfill, and
- Ground water inflow through a portion of the
landfill lying below the ground water table.
Selected Inorganic constituents detected in leachate
from hazardous waste landfills

Reported Number of Reported Number of

Concentration landfills concentration landfills
Constituent (g/L) reported (g/L) reported

As 11 ‑ < 10,000,000 6 30 ‑ 5,800 5

Ba 100 ‑ 2,000,000 5 10 - 3,800 24
Cd 5 ‑ 8,200 6 - -
Cr 1 ‑ 208,000 7 10 ‑ 4,200 10
Cu 1 ‑ 16,000 9 10 ‑ 2,800 15
Hg 0.5 - 7 7 0‑5 ‑ 0.8 5
Ni 20 ‑ 48,000 4 20 - 670 16
Pb 1 ‑ 19,000 6 300 ‑ 19.000 3
Se 3 ‑ 590 4 10 ‑590 21
CN- ‑ - 5 ‑ 14,000 14
Selected organic constituents in leachate
from hazardous waste landfills
Reported
concentration Number of
Substance (g/L) landfills reported

Acetone 0.1‑62,000 3
Aldrin < 2‑< 10 2
Benzene < 1. 1‑7,370 5
Chforobenzene 4.15‑4,620 5
Chloroform 0.02‑4.550 4
Dichlorobenzene < 10‑517 2
1,1‑dichloroethane < 5‑14,280 2
1,2‑dichforoethane 2.1‑4.500 5
Trans‑1,2‑dichloroethane 25‑8.150 2
1,14chloroethylene 28‑19,850 5
Dichloromethane 11‑6,570 4
Ethyl benzene 3.0‑10,115 4
Hexachlorobutadlene < 20‑109 2
Methylene chloride < 0. 3 mg/L‑184 mg/L 3
Methyl isobutyl ketone 2‑10 mg/L 2
Perchloroethylene ND-8,200 5
Phenol < 3‑17,000 4
Tetrachlorcethene < 1‑89,155 3
Tetrachloromethane < 1‑25,000 3
Toe 10..9-8,700 mg/L 8
Toluene < 5‑100,000 7
1, 1, 1 ‑trichloroethane 1.6 g/L-690 mg/L 5
Trichloroethene < 3‑84,000 4
Trichloroettlylene < 3‑260,000 4
Vinyl chloride 140‑32,500 1
TRANSPORT CONTAMINANTS IN
THE SUBSURFACE

 IN SUBSURFACE ENV. CONTAMINANT

TRANSPORT DEPENDENT UPON GROUND
WATER FLOW (Hydrologic Cycle)
KUIS

 Apa yang dimaksud DNAPL

 Apa yang dimaksud NAPL
Next week discuss

 Jelaskan Process apa saja tumpahan limbah

B3 dalam Subsurface?
SUBSURFACE PROCESS
 Retardation Process (Sorption of Organics,Ion
Exchange, Precipitation)
 Atenuation Process (Chemical Oxidation-Reduction,
Biological Oxidation-Reduction, Hydrolysis)
 Mobility Enhancement (Consolvation, Ionization,
Dissolution, Complexation)
 Immiscible Phase Partitioning ( such s gasoline,
migrate into subsurface may exist in three phase : Free
product, sorbed to soil particles and interstitial opening
in the subsurface matrix, dissolved in ground and soil
water