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About pharmacognosy

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21 views

Lec 1

About pharmacognosy

Uploaded by

husseinkamilhamid123456789
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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‫المرحلة الثانية‬

‫المحاضرة االولى‬

‫‪Pharmacognosy‬‬
‫‪Second stage‬‬
‫‪Second term‬‬
‫المدرس الساعد‬
‫حسين كامل حامد العبودي‬
Introduction to Pharmacognosy
Pharmacognosy is the study of those substances or
drugs derived from natural sources (animals, plants or
micro-organism)
The word pharmacognosy is derived from the Greek
Pharmacon means a drug & gnosis which means
science.
pharmacognosy forms an important link between
pharmacology and medicinal chemistry on one hand
and between pharmaceutics and clinical pharmacy on
the other hand.
Approaches to the study of medicinal plants
Phytochemical drugs can be arranged for study under the
following headings:
1. Alphabetical: Either latin or vernacular names may be used.
2. Taxonomic: The drugs are arranged according to the plants
from which they are obtained, in classes, orders, families,
genera, & species.
3. Morphological: The drugs are divided into groups such as
leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, herbs etc… These groupings have
some advantages for practical study of crude drugs &
identification of powdered drugs.
4. Pharmacological or therapeutic: This classification
involves the grouping of drugs according to the
pharmacological action of their most important
constituents or their therapeutic use.
5. Chemical or biogenetic: The important constituents
ex: alkaloids, glycosides, volatile oils etc… or their
biosynthetic pathways, form the basis of classification
of the drugs.
Plant nomenclature & taxonomy
Botanical nomenclature:*
In the past the plants were known by a double
Latin tittle but Linnaeus (1707-1778) who is a
Swedish biologist was the first to describe the
present binomial system in which the first name
denotes the species.
All species names may be written with small
initial letters while the genus name starts with a
capital letters.
 Botanical names are followed by the names of a person or
their accepted abbreviations
Ex: Mentha piperita Linnaeus or Mentha piperita L.
• This name (Linnaeus) refers to the botanist who first described
the species or variety. This name is useful where there are
different names for the same plant. Then plant family with
capital letter.
Example:
Belladona

• Botanical name: Atropa belladonna (Family:Solanaceae)


Natural sourses of drugs:
An examination of the list of drugs derived from natural sources ,
reveals the followings:
1. Plant : example alkaloids.
2. Fungi : The fungi provide a number of useful drugs especially
antibiotics, & are important in pharmacy in a number of other
drugs.
3. Algae : These are source of limited number of drugs ex: agar
& alginic acid.
4. Land animals : It provides traditional pharmaceutical
materials ex: gelatin , beeswax & cholestrol are a source of
hormons, vitamins & sera.
5. Bacteria:Bacteriophyta is a source for the
production of antibiotics , substrates & their
employments in genetic engineering ex: in the
production of human insulin.
Methods of using plants
1. Plants may be used as isolated parts e.g. dried
leaves of plant as digitalis which contain glycosides
as digoxin which is used for the treatment of heart
diseases & congestive heart failure.
2. Whole plant e.g. Catharanthus roseus & its active
constituents vincristine & vinblastine which are used
as anticancer
3. Extract of active constituents e.g. extract of
unripe fruit of plant as Papaver somniferum
which contains morphine which is used as
narcotic. The resultant extract is called
extractive which refers to the principle
constituents found in natural substances & are
separated or isolated from the natural substances
by different means of extraction , these
principles are responsible for the medicinal
activities of the natural substances & these are
found either single or mixtures.
Medical terms in pharmacognosy
 Crude drug: Natural products which are not pure
compounds
 Wild plants: plants that are just that, they have grown in
wild with very little help from humans.it grows on its own
without human interference.
 Primary metabolites: metabolite excreted during the
growth phase .they mainly contain carbon, nitrogen&
phosphorus ex. sugars, amino acids, and nucleotides. They
give rise to secondary metabolites, & they are very
important for plant (plant cannot live without primary
metabolites)
 Secondary metabolites: are different chemical compounds
produced from primary and have pharmacological activity for
human being and many functions inside the plant but plant can
live without secondary metabolites example: alkaloids,
glycoside and others.

Example about secondary metabolite


1)Alkaloids: basic compounds containing at least one or more
nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring or outside the ring, occurring
chiefly in many vascular plants & fungi.
2)Glycoside: are compound that yield upon hydrolysis, one or
more sugar molecules with an organic hydroxide and non sugar
part (aglycone).most glycoside are found in plants& exhibit
different pharmacological activities.
3)Volatile oils: rapidly evaporating oil of plant
derivation(volatilize at ordinary temperature) ,also called
essential oil(have odor).
4) Tannin: phenolic substances of plant origin used in tanning
&in medicine. Tannins can precipitate proteins , alkaloids &
convert hide into leather.
Extraction: methods of obtaining the active constituents found
in plants .extraction removes only those substances that can be
dissolved in liquid or liquid mixture which is referred to as the
Solvent or more specifically called menstrum.
Marc:the undissolved portion of the substance that remains
after the extraction process is completed.
Extract: solvent used after extraction process is completed.
 Official drug:mean natural or synthetic drug that included in
official pharmacopeia which:
1. British pharmacopeia
2. United states pharmacopeia
3. European pharmacopeia
Example:-
• Vincristin and vinblastine which is used in the treatment of
cancer disease and obtained from Vinca plant.
Unofficial drug:- These drugs are natural or synthetic
substances which are recognized and included in official
pharmacopeia but after a period of time these drugs appear
toxic effect so excluded from pharmacopeia.
Example:
A. Khat used as narcotic
B. Colchicum which used for the treatment of gout.
Non official drug:- these drugs are never appear in official
pharmacopeia.
 Plants that growing in their native countries are said to be:-
(indigenous plant) to those regions such as pinus palustris in
the southern united states.
 Plants are said to be (naturalized) when they grow in a
foreign land or in a locality other their native homes such as
Datura which was introduced into the united states from
Europe. Cultivated medicinal plants have been propagated for
centuries in china, India, Europe and many other lands.

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