ON

PLATEAUS ,PLAIN
S AND DESERTS
Presented by group 2
 WELCOME
In Our Group:
leader-V.LIKITHA
1-P.HARSHITA
2-P.SHANSIKA
3-P.SPOORTHI
4-S.KAAVYA
Table Of 1 DHANGARS

Contents 2 GOLLAS

3 KURUMAS AND KURUBAS

4 BANJARAS

5 raikas

6 conclusion
 DHANGARS
The Dhangar is a herding caste found in various Indian states, including Madhya
Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka, Goa, and Maharashtra. They are known as
Ahir in northern Maharashtra, Gavli in southern Maharashtra, Goa, and northern
Karnataka, and Golla in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka. Some Gavlis live in the
forested hill tracts of India's Western Ghats. They have sub-castes such as Gavli,
Dange, Mhaske, and Ahir, and Dhangar Gavli is one of the distinct Gavli castes
present in Maharashtra.
Migratio
ns The Dhangar castes are believed to have originated from multiple
migrations between 4000 and 10000 BC, based on the capacity of the
lands to support their way of life. Different tribes, such as Kannade,
U n n i k a n k a n , a n d K u r m a r, m i g r a t e d a t d i ff e r e n t t i m e s a n d s p e a k
K a n n a d a , w h i l e o t h e r g r o u p s l i k e H a t k a r, Z e n d e , T h e l l a r i , a n d D a n g e
can trace their roots to a single caste. The Ahirs, Ladshe, and Dange
migrated from Gujarat and speak a mix of Gujarati and Marathi,
while the Gadhari-Nikhar and Gadhari-Dhangar tribes migrated from
N o r t h I n d i a a n d s p e a k H i n d i a n d S a n s k r i t . T h e Te l a n g i t r i b e s p e a k s
Te l u g u a n d m a y h a v e m i g r a t e d f r o m A n d h r a P r a d e s h , w h i l e t h e
Khatiks originated from Khutekars.
HISTORY
The Dhangar community was initially divided into twelve tribes
with a division of labor among brothers. They later formed three
sub-divisions - Hatkar, Gavli/Dange, and Khutekar/Sangar - and
one half-division called Khatik. These sub-castes fall into these
divisions, which hold religious and cosmological significance. The
Bara-Hatti country around Hingoli was called the country of twelve
Hatkar-Dhangars.
 Culture
The Dhangar community has a unique cultural life with their distinct houses,
clothing, and ornamentation preferences. Their houses are long and sloping,
covered with grass, and have no windows. They wear a nappy on their head,
a blanket on their shoulders, vahanas (slippers), and carry a long thick stick.
Traditional Dhangar lifestyle incorporates folk culture, social systems, ethics,
customs, beliefs, religions, rituals, cuisine, dress, ornaments, art, and
physical culture, all manifested from loksanskruti. They are known to be
hardworking and economical, with a fondness for silver coins.
gollas

The Golla are a Telugu-speaking pastoral community

living in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, and
Tamil Nadu. They are related to other herding castes
and are part of the larger Yadav community. Gollas
traditionally engage in cowherding, but also practice
sheep/goat and cattle pastoralism.
 culture
The Golla people, found in various states of India,
are landowners who rear sheep and goats. Women
participate in agriculture, animal husbandry, and
tattooing, while men engage in folk-dramas and
perform feats of strength. They practice community
endogamy and Gotra exogamy and celebrate
festivals like Dol Purnima, Rathjathra, and Ganesh
Puja. They worship Krishna and other village
deities and observe naming ceremonies, cremation,
and death pollution. Child labor is prevalent.
 More about
• internal
struture
The Gollas are divided into
approximately 18 sub-castes based
gollas
• religion
Gollas are a religious group that
combines both Vaishnavism and
Saivism. They worship a deity named
• social status
The Gollas were considered equal to
agricultural castes like Kamma,
Kapu, and Balija and allowed to
on surveys, though the exact number
of sub-divisions is unknown. Mallanna, who is a form of Shiva, intermingle with them. In the Indian
and wear a vertical yellow or red System of Reservation, the Gollas are
streak on their forehead. Yerra or classified as Other Backward Class.
Kilari Gollas, a subgroup of Gollas,
consider themselves superior and
wear a sacred thread during
marriages.
THE KURUMAS
AND KURUBAS
The Kuruba community is a Hindu
caste primarily found in the Indian
states of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu,
Andhra Pradesh, and Telangana.
They are the third-largest caste group
in Karnataka and are traditionally
involved in animal husbandry,
particularly the raising of mixed
herds of sheep, goats, and cattle.
 HISTORY
The Kurubas or Kuruma are believed to have descended from
Neolithic farming villages in South India that kept cattle and
relied on sheep pastoralism. They integrated Mesolithic
hunter-gatherers, resulting in rituals associated with hunting.
The pastoralists became separated from their villager
antecedents and interacted with them only based on initial
conflict and acculturation. The Kurubas were important
soldiers in the armies of Deccan powers in the Medieval era.
They are ethnically related to the Kuruvars of Sangam
literature and are believed to have founded the Sangama
dynasty, the founding dynasty of the Vijayanagara Empire.
Kurubas worship Mailara/Mallanna and his Kuruba wife,
Kurubattyavva.
 BANJARAS
Banjaras were traders, breeders, and transporters of
goods in India, using boats, carts, camels, oxen, and
donkeys. They controlled a large section of trade
and economy, traveled in groups for protection, and
were led by an elected headman. They serviced the
needs of armies and were used by the Duke of
Wellington during his campaign against the
Maratha Confederacy. Jahangir, a Mughal emperor,
described them as a fixed class of people who
possess a thousand oxen and bring grain from
villages to towns.
 HISTORY
The Banjaras, along with the Bhopa, Domba, and Kalbelia, are
sometimes referred to as the "Gypsies of India." They are
believed to be of Rajput ancestry and were pushed into the
forests during Mughal rule. Author B. G. Halbar notes that they
may be of mixed ethnicity and possibly originated in north-
central India. Although there are cultural similarities between
the Banjaras and Roma Gypsies, the groups may not share a
common origin. There is also diversity within the Banjara
community, which was not recognized by the colonial state.
 MORE ABOUT
BANJARAS
art Festivals dance and music Religion
Banjara art encompasses various performance and folk arts, During the Teej festival in Shravana, the The Banjaras have traditional
Banjara people's young unmarried girls
Banjara people have a syncretic approach to religion,
including dance, music, rangoli, embroidery, tattooing, and dance forms, including Fire
painting. Banjara embroidery and tattooing are highly pray for a good groom by sowing seeds in worshipping deities such as Balaji and Jagadamba and
dance, Ghumar dance, and
valued and are significant to the Banjara identity. Lambani bamboo bowls and watering them three holding Guru Nanak in high regard. Sevalal or
Chari dance. They also have a
women specialize in lepo embroidery, with mirror, beads, times a day for nine days. The sprouts' sister community of singers Sevabhaya is the most important saint of the Banjaras,
and coins stitched onto clothes. Sandur Lambani thickness and height are considered a known as Dadhis or Gajugonia who colonial British administrators identified as Siva
embroidery is a unique textile embroidery with a GI tag, good omen, and the seedling-baskets are who travel from village to Rathor and placed in the 19th century.
specific to the tribe in Sanduru, Bellary district, Karnataka. kept in the middle while the girls sing and village singing songs with the
dance around them. sarangi.
Raikas
The Raika community in Rajasthan's Pali district has
been herding camels for centuries. Camels are essential
to their livelihood as they can survive the desert's heat
and provide milk and hair. However, the Raikas'
migratory traditions are endangered due to hostility
towards them. Jogaramji Raika is a senior herder and
spiritual leader who communicates with the gods
worshipped by the Raikas, including their primary god,
Pabuji.
 RABARI PEOPLE

The Rabari people are an ethnic group of primarily India, known as Rebari, Raikas, and
Dewasi. They are pastoralists and are located in north, central, and western states of
India such as Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Punjab, as well as Sindh in Pakistan. Their social
organization is characterized by a clan system called Ataks. They tend sheep, goats, and
camels and are skilled at cloth embroidery. They speak Hindi, Marwari, Haryanvi and use
the Devanagari script. The Rabari are mostly vegetarian and have homemade bread of
millet or wheat and jowar as their everyday diet. They practice child marriage and live in
joint families. Their supreme deities are Durga and Shiva, and they worship other deities
such as Rama, Ganesh, and Hanuman.
Photo Pages
 CONCLUSION

This passage discusses various pastoral communities in India,

such as the Dhangars, Gollas, Kurumas, Kurubas, Banjaras, and
Raikas. These groups herded cattle, goats, and sheep, and moved
to different areas in search of water and pasture. They had to
establish relationships with farmers and time their movements to
ensure they could graze in harvested fields. The pastoral lifestyle
required careful planning and management.
By : Group 2