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OS Lecture4

Uploaded by

adiasaraf29
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER4: THREADS

Instructor: Dr.Fouzia Idrees


Thread
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 A thread is the smallest unit of processing that can


be performed in an OS.
 In most modern operating systems, a thread exists
within a process - that is, a single process may
contain multiple threads.
 A thread is a single sequence stream within in a
process
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Cont…
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 In multitasking environment the processes are allowed to run


concurrently, while multithreading allows sub-processes to run
concurrently.

 When multiple threads are running concurrently, this is known


as multithreading, which is similar to multitasking.

 An operating system with multitasking capabilities allows


programs (or processes) to run seemingly at the same time.

 A single program with multithreading capabilities allows


individual sub-processes (or threads) to run seemingly at the
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same time.
Example
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 One example of multithreading is downloading a


video while playing it at the same time.
Multithreading is also used extensively in
computer-generated animation.
 Among the widely-used programming languages
that allow developers to work on threads in their
program source code are Java, Python and .NET.

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 Consider an application that uses several connections


to one or more servers.
 In this situation, each connection can be run within a
dedicated thread.
 One thread is waiting for command results, the other
threads can be processing received results or sending
new commands.
 Such an approach may increase throughput because
the application spends less idle time while waiting
for results.
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Benefits
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 Responsiveness – may allow continued execution if


part of process is blocked, especially important for user
interfaces
 Resource Sharing – threads share resources of
process, easier than shared memory or message passing
 Economy – cheaper than process creation, thread
switching lower overhead than context switching
 Scalability – process can take advantage of
multiprocessor architectures

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User Threads and Kernel Threads
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 User threads – threads are creation and management


is done by the application.
 They are associated with user application
 Kernel is not aware
 Management done by user-level threads library
 The thread library contains code for creating and
destroying threads, for passing message and data between
threads, for scheduling thread execution and for saving
and restoring thread contexts. The application begins with
a single thread and begins running in that thread.

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.

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 Kernel threads - Thread management done by the


Kernel. There is no thread management code in the
application area.
 Kernel threads are supported directly by the
operating system.
 Windows is an example of this approach.

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Multithreading Models
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 Some operating system provide a combined user


level thread and Kernel level thread facility.
 Solaris is a good example of this combined
approach.
 In a combined system, multiple threads within the
same application can run in parallel on multiple
processors.

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Cont..
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Multithreading models are three types

 Many-to-One

 One-to-One

 Many-to-Many

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Many-to-One
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 Many to one model maps many user level threads


to one Kernel level thread.
 Thread management is done in user space.
 When thread makes a blocking system call, the
entire process will be blocks.
 Only one thread can access the Kernel at a time, so
multiple threads are unable to run in parallel on
multiprocessors.

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One-to-One
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 There is one to one relationship of user level thread


to the kernel level thread.
 This model provides more concurrency than the
many to one model.
 Support multiple thread to execute in parallel on
microprocessors.

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Many-to-many
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 Many user level threads multiplexes to the Kernel


thread of smaller or equal numbers.
 The number of Kernel threads may be specific to
either a particular application or a particular
machine.

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End Of The Lecture

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