COGNITIVE RADIO

INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE DEFINED

RADIO

Kavitha A K
Assistant Professor
Sri Ramakrishna institute of technology
Coimbatore – 10
 Syllabus Focus
2

Module I
Introduction to Software Defined Radio
 Definitions and potential benefits

 Software radio architecture evolution

 Technology trade- offs and architecture implications.

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 Introduction to Software Defined Radio
General Digital Radio
3

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 General Digital Radio
4

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 General Digital Radio
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 Antenna Section
 Two basic types:
1 . Receiving Antenna
2. Transmitting Antenna
 RF Front End Section
 Filters
 LNAs
 LO
 Down Conversion Mixers

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 General Digital Radio
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 ADC and DAC Section

 DUC and DAC Section
 DUC – Baseband signal to IF signal
 DDC – IF signal to baseband signal
 Baseband Section
 Connection setup, Equalization,
 Frequency Hopping, Coding/Decoding
 Correlation, Scrambling
 Modulation, Spreading & Pulse Shaping
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 Software Defined Radio
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 “ Radio
in which some or all of the physical layer
functions are software defined”
 Basics

 SCR – Software Controlled Radio

 Radio in which some or all of the physical layer functions
are software controlled.

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 SDR Functionality
8

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 Hardware Radio vs Software Radio
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Constraint Conventional Radio Software Radio Cognitive Radio
Application It supports only Dynamically supports multiple It can create new
fixed variable systems, protocols and waveforms on its own
number of systems interfaces
Reconfiguration can be
It can interface with
done only at the time of It negotiates new interfaces
diverse systems
design
It adjusts operations to
It may support multiple
It provides a wide range of meet the QoS required by
services only at the time of
service with available QoS. the application for the
design
signal environment
Design More capable than Conventional More capable than SDR,
Traditional RF design
radio , Software architecture Intelligence
Traditional Baseband design Re-configurability, Provide Awareness, Learning and
provisions for easy upgrades Observations

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 Hardware Radio vs Software Radio
10

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 Software Radio Classification
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•USR: Ultimate Software Radio

•ISR: Ideal Software Radio (ISR)
•SDR: Software Defined Radio
•SCR: Software Controlled Radio
•HR: Hardware Radio
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 Software Radio Classification
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 Tier 0 : Hardware Radio

 The functions of the radio cannot be changed by software.
 Tier 1 : Software Controlled Radio (SCR)
 SCR Controls limited functions
 Changes of attributes [mode or frequency] cannot be done without changing hardware.
 Tier 2 : Software Defined Radio (SDR)
 Performs wideband or narrow band operation.
 Capable of storing large number of waveforms or air interfaces.
 Separate antenna system, Wide band filtering, Amplification and Down conversion
 Digital to Analog Conversion, analog up conversion, filtering and amplification.

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 Software Radio Classification
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 Tier 3 : Ideal Software Radio (ISR)

 Provides the capabilities of SDR.
 Eliminates analog amplification and heterodyne
 Tier 4 : Ultimate Software Radio (USR)
 Does not require external antenna.
 No restrictions on operating frequency.
 Perform a wide range of adaptive services for user.

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 Advantages of SDR
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1. Interoperability
 Efficient use of resources under varying conditions
 Opportunistic frequency reuse (cognitive radio)
 Reduced obsolescence (future-proofing)
2. Ease of Design
 Research and Development
 Flexible to incorporate additional functionality
 Fewer discrete components

3. Lower cost
4. Multimode Operation
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 Disadvantages of SDR
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Difficulty in writing the software for various target

systems.
Need for interfaces to digital signals and algorithms.
For very wide frequency coverage, the RF hardware -
need to be built in separate portions of circuitry.
Poor dynamic range in some SDR design.
A lack of understanding among designers as to what is
required.
Software reliability may define overall radio reliability,
rather than hardware limitations.
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 Benefits of SDR
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 Reprogrammable units and infrastructure are flexible or

reconfigurable.
 Multiband or multimode operation has some reduced
obsolescence.
 Different standards can co-exist due to ubiquitous
connectivity.
 Enhances or facilitates experimentation.
 Combines both analog and digital communication.

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 Issues of SDR
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 Wideband radio need,

 Broad spectrum coverage
 Dynamic re-configurability
 Interference mitigation
 Adaptation of open system architectures.
 Wideband power amplifier has some constraints such as
linearity, bandwidth and efficiency.
 Cost to initiate SDR is very high

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 Evolution of Software Radio Architecture
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Generation Illustrative Function Typical Components Key design Rules

Analog Transmit and Receive, Power Antenna, Channel allocations, Power limits,
channel Select Packaging Standard modulation (AM,FM)

Early digital Transmit or Receive, Analog+ Quadrature Analog + operation /management

Microwave protected Modes, BER modems+ FEC and bit stream multiplex interface,
control Adjacent channel power envelopes

Analog Mobile Analog +signaling control Analog +Digital modems Analog +early digital +cellist and
cellular radio +embedded control frequency plan +handoff protocol
(MCR) processors

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 Evolution of Software Radio Architecture
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Generation Illustrative Function Typical Components Key design Rules

Spread CODE Synchronization , Analog +early digital Analog+ code design +peer
spectrum code management BER +dispreading devices+ network protocols +digital
(CDMA/FH) control embedded control voice channels
processors
TDMA MCR Analog +early digital Analog+ analog Analog+ early digital +analog
+analog MCR +Spread MCR+ Spread MCR+DIGITAL voce channel
spectrum +diversity+ spectrum+ Multibeam +privacy and authentication
directivity antennas
Future seamless Digital MCR+AGILE Digital MCR +high Digital MCR +mode handover
multiple mode directional power programmability criteria and protocols +end to
multimedia management +agile modulators + end encryption +software
networks multiband antennas+ defined services
multiband RF
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 Evolution of Software Radio Architecture
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 Evolution of Software Radio Architecture
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 It moves ADC as close to the receiving antenna as possible.

 It substitutes software for hardware processing.
 Facilitates a transition from dedicated to general-purpose
hardware.

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 Evolution of Software Radio Architecture
Year Description
22
1984
E-System Inc. - term Software Radio.
A prototype digital baseband receiver.
1991
First military radio was implemented. Its physical layer components in software
Example :
1. U.S Military SPEAK easy I & SPEAK easy II radios:
 A Compact radio
 Fully developed SDR with sufficient DSP resources
 Tactical military communications from 2MHz to 2GHz
 Interoperability between different air-interface standards.
2. U. S. Navy’s Digital Modulator Radio (DMR):
 Generate many waveforms and modes which can able to be remotely
controlled with an Ethernet interface.
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 Evolution of Software Radio Architecture
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Year Description
1992 Joe Mitola published a paper on software radio.
1993
A digital radio - reconfigures which changes the software codes running
on it.
1996 Modular Multi-funtion Information Transfer System (MMITS) - First SDR Association
1997 to 1999  SDR was implemented for commercial purpose.
 Cellular networks include a general-purpose, more economic hardware platform,
future proofing and easier bug fixes through software upgrades.
1997  Creation of Joint Tactical Radio System (JTRS)
 Software Communication Architecture (SCA) was formed
1998
 Automated code generation for embedded SDR.
 Joe Mitola - term Cognitive Radio
 MMITS forum was renamed into SDR forum.
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 Evolution of Software Radio Architecture
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Year Description
2001  GNU radio was implemented
2004  FCC first time gave approval for commercial SDR.
 Vanu Inc. & Anywave BS.
 Physical processors - baseband processors running on pico-chip of frequencies.
2006  Texas Instruments and Xilinx
 Product was equipped with ARM, DSP, FPGA, Frontend tunable
receivers (200MHz to 1GHz).

2009 LIME Microsystems - Commercial Single chip RF Frontend receiver

2010 SDR forum - renamed - wireless innovation forum.

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 Aspects / Potential benefits of Software Defined Radio
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● Multi-band

● Multi-carrier

● Multi-mode

● Multi-rate

● Variable Bandwidth

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 Functions of SDR
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 Functions of SDR
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 Channel Set
 Include Multiple RF bands
 PCS BS and military radios uses fiber cables
 Encompasses RF/Channel access, IF processing and Modem
 RF / Channel access
 Consists of Multi band antennas and RF conversion
 Also includes interference suppression
 IF Processing
 Includes filtering, frequency translation, polarization, frequency diversity, digital
beam forming
 Modem
 Multimode radios generate multiple air interface waveforms
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 Functions of SDR
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 Bit stream processing

 Includes FEC and soft decision decoding
 InfoSec (Information Security)
 Doesnot required by many applications
 Authentication reduces fraud
 Stream enciphering ensures privacy
 Source Set
 Includes voice, video, data, fascimile and multimedia
 Service and Network support
 Services are remote from radio node
 Connection can be done via SDH, LAN ot other network
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 Functions of SDR
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 Multiple Software Personalities

 Waveforms - Different bands and modes
 Combination of one band and one mode - form one type of multiple personality
 Each personality combines RF band, channel set, air interface waveform, protocol
and related functions
 Joint Control
 Multithreaded and Multiple processor software managed by this joint control.
 Assures system stability, error recovery, isochronous
 streaming of voice and data.
 Evolution support
 Defines the waveform personality
 Each new personality is safe before being activated
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 Applications of SDR
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Military Application

Infrastructure Network Adhoc Network

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 Applications of SDR
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 Patient Monitoring System

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 Applications of SDR
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 Disaster management

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 Applications of SDR
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 Disaster management

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 Applications of SDR
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 Deep Space Communication

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