WELCOME

Godavari Foundation
Dr. Ulhas Patil College of Agriculture , Jalgaon
(Affiliated to Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapith , Rahuri )
• Student Name : Janki Vijay Vispute
• Roll No : AJ-118/2020
• Course No : SRP – EL- HORT-4012
• Semester : VIII th (New)
• Title : Cultivation of tomato
• Common name : Tomato
• Scientific Name : Lycopersicon
esculentum
• Chromosome No : 2n = 24
• Family : Solanaceae
• Origin. : South America
Importance Of Tomato –
 Is a self pollinated plant.
 Tomato is considered as " Poor Man's Orange " in India while " Love of Apple in England “
 Tomato is also known as Wolf Apple .India is the second largest producer in the world after china .
 Most important tomato growing state in India is Andhra Pradesh. Tomato seeds contains 24 % Oil .
 Most cultivars produce red fruits when ripe. Tomato is a native to Peruvian and Mexican region.
Though there are no definite records of when and how it came to India , the Portuguese perhaps
introduced it to India.

Nutritional Value –
 Tomato is one of the most important "protective foods" because of its special nutritive value.
 It is one of the most versatile vegetable with wide usage in Indian culinary tradition.
 Tomatoes are used for soup, salad, pickles, ketchup, puree, sauces and in many other ways It is
also used as a salad vegetable.
 Tomato has very few competitors in the value addition chain of processing.
 Red color in tomato is due to lycopene, it is the richest source of lycopene among all fruits and
vegetables
 Lycopene is called as worlds most powerful antioxidant.
 SOIL AND CLIMATE

Soil -
• Tomato crops grow on light sandy to heavy clay soil .
• Light soils are good for early crop variety while clay loam and silt-loam soils are well
suited for heavy yields.
• Tomatoes do best in a soil that has a soil pH from 6.0 to 7.0. If the soil is acidic liming is
required.

Climate –
• Tomato is day neutral plant .
• The tomato is a warm-season crop.
• The crop does well under an average monthly temperature of 21 0C to 23 0C.
• Temperature and light intensity affect the fruit-set, pigmentation and nutritive value of the
fruit.
 Nursery Bed Preparation, Seed Treatment, Sowing And After Care

Nursery bed preparation -

• Seedlings are grown before one months of -transplanting raised beds of 60-100 cm width and of convenient length.
• Seedling trays of length 555 mm are used in the nursery bed for production .
• Recommended soil is used and as seeds are sown , water is sprinkled .
• After the seeds are sown mulching should be done with green leaves and mulching should be removed after
transplanting.

Seed treatment -
• To avoid damping off disease treats the seed with Tricoderma @ 5-10 g/Kg seed or carbendazim 2g/Kg seed.
• The treated seeds are dried in shade for 30 minutes and then sown sparsely along the lines in ½ cm depth and then
covered by the topsoil.

Sowing -
• For raising the seedlings in nursery bed 300 - 400 g/ha seeds are required.
• Hybrid seeds are very costly so it should be sown in plastic cups or ice cube tray, which require only 70-90 g.
 Preparation of main field and layout -

• Main field preparation and transplanting of Seedlings are transplanted on raised beds or on sides of ridges .
• Field is ploughed 4-5 times and raised beds of 80-90 cm width or ridges and furrows are prepared .
• 4-5 ploughing are done for preparing the land with sufficient interval between two consecutive .
• Along with application of FYM in appropriate quantity .
• FYM should be incorporated in soil at the time of final ploughing .
• 20-25 tones/ha FYM should be applied in the field .

Spacing -The spacing recommended for the autumn-winter crop is 75 x 60 cm and for the spring-summer crop 75 x 45
cm.
 Manure and fertilizer -

• Application of 1/3 N, Full P and K may be applied as basal dose either just before transplanting or 5-10
days after transplanting.
• Remaining 2/3 N is applied 20 and 45 days there after.
• Additional dose of 10 kg borax and 5 kg Zinc Sulphate, as basal dose, are also recommended for
correcting fruit cracking and to increase yield and fruit quality .
• Spray 1 ppm (1 mg in one lit) NAA (Planofix), 15 days after transplanting and at full bloom stage to
increase the yield.
Irrigation -
• Furrow irrigation is the most common method in tomato .
• The crop require adequate moisture throughout growth period.
• Frequency of irrigation depends on the climatic and soil conditions.
• During summer, crop should be irrigated at 3-4 days interval.
• Water stress at flowering stage will adversely effect fruiting and productivity.
• A long spell of drought followed by heavy irrigation leads to cracking of fruits.
• Similarly a dry spell after regular irrigation causes blossom end rot .

Intercultural operation -
• Field should be kept weed free by frequent weeding, hoeing and earthing up.
• Application of pendimethalin (1.0 kg a.i. / ha) as pre emergence spray along with one hand
weeding at 45 DT is ideal for tomato variety Pusa Ruby.
• Mulching with straw or plastic is also effective for weed control and for regulating soil
temperature.
Plant Protection Measure
Insect Pest -
1. Tomato fruit borer (Helicoverpa armigera)

Symptoms:
The larvae causes damage to flowers and bore into fruit. Often, large entry holes in the fruit are evidence and
extensive rotting occurs.

Control measures:
• Shaking of the plants. Ploughing upto depth of 10 cm before the end of augus t reduces the survival of over
wintering pupae and reduces the starting population.
• Spraying of dimethaote @ 1.5ml/litre of water.
2. Aphid (Myzus persicae, Aphis spp.)
Symptoms:
• Yellowish and black mould appear in leaves.

Control measures:
• Apply phorate @ 1 kg/hac as application/earthing up followed by one spray of Rogor
750ml/hac/750lit.of water.

3. Cut worm (Agrotis segetum, Agrotis ipsilon)

Symptoms:
• Cutting young plants, holes in tubers

Control measures:
• Sort out cut worm damage tubers to avoid secondary infection in the store. Use Chlorpyriphos 20 EC @
500g/ha against cut worms.
Diseases
1. Early blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Symptoms:
• Brown spots scattered over the lamina surface, concentric narrow dark lines and affected
leaves dry.
• The characteristic leaf spots and blight first becomes visible as small, isolated, scattered pale
brown spots on the leaf which later on also develop on stem and fruits
• Fully developed spots are irregular, brown to dark brown in colour, and with concentric rings
inside the spot. In severe attacks the entire plant may be defoliated

Control measures:
• Plant disease free whole tubers.
• Follow crop rotation with non solanaceous crop like Mustrad, cabbage, cauliflower etc.
• Seed treatment with Mancozeb for 20 minutes before storages for soil and tuber borne
diseases.
• Apply Mancozeb 75% WP @ 2.5g/liters of water
2. Late blight (Phytophthora infestans)

Symptoms:
• Decaying leaves often emit an offensive odour. Under ground tubers decay before harvesting.
• Leaf symptoms of late blight first appear as small, water-soaked areas that rapidly enlarge to
form purple-brown, oily-appearing blotches.
• On the lower side of leaves, rings of grayish white mycelium and spore-forming structures may
appear around the blotches.

Control measures:
• Plant disease free whole tubers.
• Follow crop rotation with non solanaceous crop like Mustrad, cabbage, cauliflower etc.
• Seed treatment with Mancozeb for 20 minutes before storages for soil and tuber borne diseases.
• Apply 4 to 5 times with Dithane Z-78 or Indofil M-45 @ 2.5g/liters of water and Ridomil MZ-
72 @ 2.5g/liters at 15 days interval spraying just after appearance of first symptom. Interval
reduces to 7 days depending upon weather condition. Strickers like Triton or Sandovit.
3. Bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum)
Symptoms:
• Sudden wilting of the plant, plant show droopy appearance and the branches gradually turn bronzy and die.
• Rapid wilting and death of plants without yellowing or spotting of leaves. Brown discoloration and decay are
evident inside the stems of infected plants.

Control measures:
• Follow crop rotation with non solanaceous crop like Mustrad, cabbage, cauliflower etc.
• Seed treatment with Mancozeb for 20 minutes before storages for soil and tuber borne diseases.
• Apply stable bleaching powder@ 12 kg/ha in soil at planting.
• 1g hin + 5g turmeric powder treated with soil/plant.
• Treated soil of infected plant of 1m radius just after harvest with 10% formalin.

4. Anthracnose (S.N: Colletotrichum spp.)

5. Tomato leaf curl virus
Varieties of Tomato:
 Avinash : Semi determinate. Fruits
firm, round and nipple
tipped.

 Arka Alok (BWR 5): Bacterial wilt resistant, determinate.

Fruits square and
oblong.

 Pusa Early Dwarf: Determinate, Fruits flat oblate.

Bhagyashree

 Sioux : Indeterminate. Fruits small

and round Pusa uphar

 Pusa Uphar Determinate: Fruits round with thick pericarp, suitable for
processing.

 Pusa Ruby Indeterminate: Fruits

Mahatma Phule Krishi flat round
Vidyapith and
Rahuri suitablePhule
varieties: for processing.
Raja , Phule jayashree

 Pusa Sadhabahar : Suitable for high and low

temperature regimes.
Harvesting and Storage
• Crop starts yielding by 70 days after planting.
• Usually fruits are harvested with hand by a gentle twist so that the stalk is retained on plant.
• Intervals of harvests depend on season and it is twice in a week during summer and weekly
during winter and rainy days.
• Harvesting maturity depends on the purpose whether for fresh market, processing, long
distance transport
• Fruits after harvesting are graded and packed in bamboo baskets or wooden boxes.
• Since tomato is a climatic fruit, good care should be taken to remove bruised, cracked and
damaged fruits before packing in baskets.
• Though tomato can be stored at low temperature.

Yield

• The yield per hectare varies greatly according to variety and season. On an average, the yield
varies from 20-25 t/ha. Hybrid varieties may yield upto 50-60 t/ha. in a crop duration of 135
days.
 Cost of Cultivation of Tomato Crop

Sr No Item Unit Qty Used Rate/ Unit Total Cost

(Rs.) (Rs.)
1 Hired human labour (Male) Days 20 300 6000
Hired human labour ( Female) Days 15 200 3000
2 Bullock labour Pair Days - - -
3 Machinery charges Rs 2 - 10000
4 Seed Kg 2 kg 2500 5000
5 Manures Qtl 2Trally 6000 12000
6 Fertilizer ( In terms of Nutrients) N(Kg) 75 5.5 896
P2O5(Kg) 100 18 11250
K2O(Kg) 50 8 664
7 Micronutrients / Bio-fertilizers Rs - - -
8 Irrigation charges Rs 2000
9 Insecticides / Fungicides charges Rs 2500
10 Insurance premium paid Rs
Sr No Item Unit Qty Rate/ Unit Total Cost
Used (Rs.) (Rs.)
11 Incidental charges (Expenses on acquisition on inputs) Rs 600
12 Working capital ( sum of 1 to 12 ) Rs 53910
13 Interest on working capital Rs 3234
14 Land revenue cess and taxes Rs 500
15 Depreciation on Implements and Machinery Rs 20000
16 Rental value of owned land Rs 24500
17 Interest on fixed capital Rs 2940
18 Amortization of cost Rs 87094
19 Family human labour charges A) Male Days 5 300 1500
B) Female Days 6 200 1200
20 Supervision charges @10 % of Cost A Rs 5964
Cost C( Cost B + 19+20 ) Rs 95748
Quantity of main product (Qtl) 150000
Quantity of by product. (Qtl) -
21 Gross income ( Main + by product) Rs 150000
Main Quantity 16 Rental value of owned land : 1 ( 6 x gross income - land revenue)
:5000 kg
Yield in Qtl Gross income: 1,50,000
: 50 Qtl
Total income Land revenue : 500
: 1,50,000 /-
Area 1÷6 x 1,50,000- 500
: 1 ha
1 Hired human labour (Male) :20x300 =6000/- = 1,50,000÷ 6 - 500

( Female) :15 x 200= 3000/- = 24500

2 Bullock labour 17 Interest on fixed capital : 12% of rental va
:0
3 Machinery charges :2x = 2940 /-
5000= 10000 /- 18 Cost B = Cost A + 13 + 14 = 59644 + 3234 + 500
4 Seed
: 2 kg x 2500= 5000/- = 63378 /-Rs
5 Manure 19 Family human labour : Male = 5x 300 = 1500
: 2 trally x 6000= 12000/- Female = 6x
6 Fertilizer : 1200
N = 75 x 5.5 = 896
20 Supervisor charges @ 10% of Cost A = 5964.4
P2O5 = 100 x 18 = 11250 21 Cost C = Cost B +19 + 20 =87084+1500+1200

K2O = 50 x 8 = 664 = 95748

7 Micronutrients / Bio-fertilizers :0 Gross income = 1,5
8 Irrigation charges : Total cost = 95
2000 /- Net profit = Gr