Scribd
Upload
8 views

AS Level Cells and Cell Structures

Uploaded by

Ramya Malarini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

AS Level Cells and Cell Structures

Uploaded by

Ramya Malarini
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 54

Cells and cell structures

Magnification
• The number of times greater that an image is than the actual object
Resolution
• The ability to distinguish between two objects very close together.
• The amount of detail that can be seen – the greater the resolution,
the greater the detail.
Animal cell:
Electron
microscope
Plant cell
Organelles
• Def: a functionally and structurally distinct part of a cell.
• Examples: Mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles…
cell surface membrane

• Trilaminar appearance
• Partially permeable
• Controls exchange between
cell and environment
• Fluid mosaic model of
membrane structure
• the roles of phospholipids,
cholesterol, glycolipids,
proteins and glycoproteins
nucleus, nuclear envelope and nucleolus
• Make lipids -
cholesterol
• and steroids –
oestrogen and
testosterone.
Rough ER

• Ribosomes-sites for
protein synthesis
• Proteins move
through ER
Golgi body (Golgi apparatus or Golgi
complex)
• Collects, process and
sorts molecules
(particularly proteins
from the rough ER)
• Modifies proteins
• E.g. making
glycoproteins (adding
sugar to proteins)
• To transport to other
parts of the cell or out of
cell (secretion)
Ribosomes
• Found attached to ER, inside mitochondria or
chloroplasts, or free floating in cytoplasm.
• Size of ribosomes measured in ‘S units’
• Ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts
are smaller (70 S) than those in the cytoplasm
(80 S).
• Ribosomes are the sites for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes
• Contain digestive
(hydrolytic) enzymes
• Heads of sperm contains
an acrosome to digest
the outer layer of the
ovum
Microtubules
• Microtubules make up the
‘Skeleton' of the cell.

• Filaments made up of a protein –


tubulin.

• Microtubules also forms part of


the spindle during cell division to
separate chromosomes.
Centrioles
• Hollow cylinder
• Made up of a ring of 9
triplets of microtubules
• Function is still
unknown
• Found only in animal
cells
Mitochondria: Structure

• Various shapes
• Outer membrane contains
a transport protein – porin
– forms channels for
movement of small water-
soluble molecules.
• Inner membrane =
selectively permeable
• Contains its own circular
DNA = mtDNA
Mitochondria: Function

• Performs aerobic respiration


• Energy is released from sugars/fats
• Energy carried around via ATP
• Cristae increases efficiency of
respiration – increases surface area
ATP ADP + phosphate + ENERGY
Hydrolysis reaction
• Synthesis of lipids
ATP –
• What is ATP?
• Biochemical process makes ATP
Structure of plant cells
Cell wall
• This is relatively rigid
because it contains
fibres of cellulose, a
polysaccharide
• which strengthens the
wall
• Cell walls may also be
reinforced with extra
cellulose or with a
hard material called
lignin for extra
strength.
Cell wall
FUNCTION:
1. The cell wall gives the cell a definite shape.

2. It prevents the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis, allowing
large pressures to develop inside the cell.

3. freely permeable, allowing free movement of molecules and ions through


to the cell surface membrane.
Fine strands of cytoplasm called plasmodesmata pass through pore-like
structures in cell walls.
Vacuoles
• Surrounded by a
membrane, the
tonoplast, which controls
exchange between the
vacuole and the
cytoplasm.
• Animal - small vacuoles
such as phagocytic
vacuoles -temporary
• Plant cells - large,
permanent, central
vacuole.
Vacuoles: Function
• The fluid in the vacuole is a solution of pigments, enzymes, sugars and
other organic compounds (including some waste products), mineral
salts, oxygen and carbon dioxide.

• Vacuoles help to regulate the osmotic properties of cells (the flow of


water inwards and outwards).

• Help cells to maintain its shape (maintaining its turgor pressure)

• The pigments which colour the petals of certain flowers and parts of
some vegetables, such as the red pigment of beetroots, may be located
in vacuoles.
Chloroplasts
• Where do we find
chloroplasts?
• Plant cells
• Function -
photosynthesis
What do you know about photosynthesis?
• The leaf is the main plant organ responsible for photosynthesis
• Cross section through a leaf:
Cross section through a leaf to show the
mesophyll and substomatal air space

CO2

CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2
Overwiew
• Why photosynthesis?
• Energy for plant
• Energy needed to grow and produce fruit and seeds.
• Let’s break it down…..
• What is photosynthesis?
• Photo (light)
• Synthesis (make something = sugars)
Process of photosynthesis:

 2 Phases
 Light phase
 Takes place within the thylakoid membrane,
in the granum

 Calvin cycle
 Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast
Cyclosis
• Divide independently
Chloroplasts of cell division (binary
fission)
• Ribosomes = 70 S
• Circular DNA –
endosymbiont theory
• Function:
photosynthesis
• Light phase
• Calvin cycle
Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes?
All living organisms within the 5 kingdoms can be classified as either
being prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
• Pro – before Karyote – nucleus
• Eu – true Karyote – nucleus
Endosymbiont theory / endosymbiosis
Aerobic bacterium
Pili
General structure of a bacterium cell

• peptidoglycan
cell walls

Food granule
General structure of a bacterium cell
Cell wall: Made up of
polysaccharides,
proteins and lipids
Capsule: Slimy outer
layer (in some) –
protect from drying out
Ribosomes occur Flagella: Whip-like -
within cytoplasm, but movement
no mitochondria,
plastids or ER cell membrane

Concentration of the chromatin


network (DNA) = called the nucleoid
(no nucleus), i.e. pro (before) karyote
(nucleus)
What are viruses?
Viruses
• Viruses are not considered living organisms

Why ???

• Characteristics of life:
• Nutrition
• Response to stimuli
• Growth
• Reproduction Which of these
• Respiration characteristics are applicable
• Excretion to viruses???
• Movement
VIRUSES
CLASSIFICATION:
Viruses have characteristics of both living and non -
living organisms.

Living characteristics:
-They undergo reproduction when they are within cells of a
living organisms.
Viruses non-living characteristics:
1. They can not respire.
2. They can not reproduce on their own.
3. They form crystals and can survive in this form
for many years.
Viruses
• Because viruses are not considered as living organisms and are thus
not included in the 5-kingdom classification.
• They are a group on their own
3. Some viruses
such as the flu
2. Protein coat = virus and HIV are
capsule 1. enclosed by a
DNA/ RNA sheath (envelope)
of lipid and
protein
molecules. This
sheath is derived
from the host’s
cell membrane

You might also like