AS Level Cells and Cell Structures
AS Level Cells and Cell Structures
Magnification
• The number of times greater that an image is than the actual object
Resolution
• The ability to distinguish between two objects very close together.
• The amount of detail that can be seen – the greater the resolution,
the greater the detail.
Animal cell:
Electron
microscope
Plant cell
Organelles
• Def: a functionally and structurally distinct part of a cell.
• Examples: Mitochondria, chloroplasts, vacuoles…
cell surface membrane
• Trilaminar appearance
• Partially permeable
• Controls exchange between
cell and environment
• Fluid mosaic model of
membrane structure
• the roles of phospholipids,
cholesterol, glycolipids,
proteins and glycoproteins
nucleus, nuclear envelope and nucleolus
• Make lipids -
cholesterol
• and steroids –
oestrogen and
testosterone.
Rough ER
• Ribosomes-sites for
protein synthesis
• Proteins move
through ER
Golgi body (Golgi apparatus or Golgi
complex)
• Collects, process and
sorts molecules
(particularly proteins
from the rough ER)
• Modifies proteins
• E.g. making
glycoproteins (adding
sugar to proteins)
• To transport to other
parts of the cell or out of
cell (secretion)
Ribosomes
• Found attached to ER, inside mitochondria or
chloroplasts, or free floating in cytoplasm.
• Size of ribosomes measured in ‘S units’
• Ribosomes in mitochondria and chloroplasts
are smaller (70 S) than those in the cytoplasm
(80 S).
• Ribosomes are the sites for protein synthesis.
Lysosomes
• Contain digestive
(hydrolytic) enzymes
• Heads of sperm contains
an acrosome to digest
the outer layer of the
ovum
Microtubules
• Microtubules make up the
‘Skeleton' of the cell.
• Various shapes
• Outer membrane contains
a transport protein – porin
– forms channels for
movement of small water-
soluble molecules.
• Inner membrane =
selectively permeable
• Contains its own circular
DNA = mtDNA
Mitochondria: Function
2. It prevents the cell from bursting when water enters by osmosis, allowing
large pressures to develop inside the cell.
• The pigments which colour the petals of certain flowers and parts of
some vegetables, such as the red pigment of beetroots, may be located
in vacuoles.
Chloroplasts
• Where do we find
chloroplasts?
• Plant cells
• Function -
photosynthesis
What do you know about photosynthesis?
• The leaf is the main plant organ responsible for photosynthesis
• Cross section through a leaf:
Cross section through a leaf to show the
mesophyll and substomatal air space
CO2
CO2 CO2
CO2
CO2 CO2
Overwiew
• Why photosynthesis?
• Energy for plant
• Energy needed to grow and produce fruit and seeds.
• Let’s break it down…..
• What is photosynthesis?
• Photo (light)
• Synthesis (make something = sugars)
Process of photosynthesis:
2 Phases
Light phase
Takes place within the thylakoid membrane,
in the granum
Calvin cycle
Takes place in the stroma of the chloroplast
Cyclosis
• Divide independently
Chloroplasts of cell division (binary
fission)
• Ribosomes = 70 S
• Circular DNA –
endosymbiont theory
• Function:
photosynthesis
• Light phase
• Calvin cycle
Prokaryotes/Eukaryotes?
All living organisms within the 5 kingdoms can be classified as either
being prokaryotes or eukaryotes.
• Pro – before Karyote – nucleus
• Eu – true Karyote – nucleus
Endosymbiont theory / endosymbiosis
Aerobic bacterium
Pili
General structure of a bacterium cell
• peptidoglycan
cell walls
Food granule
General structure of a bacterium cell
Cell wall: Made up of
polysaccharides,
proteins and lipids
Capsule: Slimy outer
layer (in some) –
protect from drying out
Ribosomes occur Flagella: Whip-like -
within cytoplasm, but movement
no mitochondria,
plastids or ER cell membrane
Why ???
• Characteristics of life:
• Nutrition
• Response to stimuli
• Growth
• Reproduction Which of these
• Respiration characteristics are applicable
• Excretion to viruses???
• Movement
VIRUSES
CLASSIFICATION:
Viruses have characteristics of both living and non -
living organisms.
Living characteristics:
-They undergo reproduction when they are within cells of a
living organisms.
Viruses non-living characteristics:
1. They can not respire.
2. They can not reproduce on their own.
3. They form crystals and can survive in this form
for many years.
Viruses
• Because viruses are not considered as living organisms and are thus
not included in the 5-kingdom classification.
• They are a group on their own
3. Some viruses
such as the flu
2. Protein coat = virus and HIV are
capsule 1. enclosed by a
DNA/ RNA sheath (envelope)
of lipid and
protein
molecules. This
sheath is derived
from the host’s
cell membrane