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Cell Cycle and Its Regulation

The document discusses the cell cycle, which consists of interphase and division. Interphase is made up of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and prepares for division. During S phase, DNA replication occurs. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases that control progression between phases. Checkpoints monitor cell cycle events and delay progression until processes are complete to ensure fidelity of division.

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Azifah Zakaria
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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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827 views

Cell Cycle and Its Regulation

The document discusses the cell cycle, which consists of interphase and division. Interphase is made up of G1, S, and G2 phases where the cell grows and prepares for division. During S phase, DNA replication occurs. The cell cycle is regulated by cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases that control progression between phases. Checkpoints monitor cell cycle events and delay progression until processes are complete to ensure fidelity of division.

Uploaded by

Azifah Zakaria
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Cell cycle

Click to edit Master subtitle style By Prof. Dr. Shefaa El Sawy Prof. Dr. Safinaz Safwat

2009- 2010
5/3/12

Cell cycle The cell cycle is a series of events within the cell that prepare the cell for dividing into two daughter cells.

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Cell cycle The cell cycle is a series of event s Duration of the cycle various from one cell type 5/3/12 within to another

Cell cycle
It is the alternation between cell division and interphase
Division (Mitosis) Interphase (90% of cycle) Short period of time period of time Cell divides into 2 increase in size Daughter cells. Long cell
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replicate its DNA

Key words
Genome: cells genetic

information
Somatic (body cells)

cells
Gametes (reproductive

cells): sperm and egg cells molecules

Chromosomes: DNA Diploid (2n): 2n is the

number of chromosomes in the zygote after fertilization and in the mature individual that develops from the zygote

Key words
Chromatin: DNA-

protein complex
Chromatids:

replicated strands of a chromosome


Centromere:

narrowing waist of sister chromatids division

Mitosis: nuclear Cytokinesis:

cytoplasm division

Meiosis: gamete

G1:Gap 1phase synthesis of macromolecules essential for DNA duplication

Cell cycle interphase

S:Synthesis phase DNA is duplicated Flanked by G2:Gap 2 phase two phases in undergoes preparations for the cell which mitosis

What make the cell enter in the cell cycle?


Predisposing factor eg: Cell death or injury

Release of growth factors

control cell proliferation to keep its coordination with the needs of the living organism. 5/3/12

Gap 1 phase
Go outside of the longest cycle period
It may last

from few hours in rapidly dividing cells or may last for a lifetime in non dividing cell as nerve cells.

TD Termin al differentia ted cell 1-growth:The such as cell attains its neuron full size and performs its functions. 2-synthesis of RNA and proteins which are essential for

Synthesis phase (S phase)

DNA duplication : The cell now contains double the amount of 5/3/12 DNA (4n).

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Synthesis phase (S phase)


Although the

amount of DNA is doubled but the total chromosomal number remains 46.

The duplicated DNA

molecules, called sister chromatids, become linked to each other.

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Gap 2 phase
Brief period Starts by the end

of the DNA replication and lasts until the beginning of 1. Complete mitosis.

2.

synthesis of all proteins needed for mitosis complete duplication of centriole.

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Cell cycle

Go outside of the cycle


1.

Complete synthesis of all proteins needed for mitosis 2.complete duplication of centriole.
1.

Terminal differentia ted cell such as 1.growth: neuron increase in size. 2.synthesis of RNA and proteins which are essential for DNA 1.DNA replication. duplicationcell 3.The : The cell now contains attains its full 5/3/12 double theand size amount of DNA.
1.

What is the mechanism that control passage of the cell through different phases of There arethe cell cycle? 2 types of molecular control:
1. A group of proteins called

cyclins and its specific cyclin- dependent kinases. checkpoints that monitor the

1. Set of

completion of the molecular events of each phase of the cell cycle and delay 5/3/12 progression to the next phase unless the

Regulation of the cell cycle


The presence and interactions of a group of related proteins known as cyclins, with specific cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) Formation of cyclin/ CDKs complex Activation of a variety of proteins Regulate the capability of the cell 5/3/12 begin and advance through the cell

Cyclins & cyclindependent kinases (CDKs)


The entry and the progression in the cell cycle is controlled by changes in the levels and the activity of cyclins
The level of several of cyclins (A, B, E,D)

peak during specific phase of the cell cycle then rapidly degraded when the cell enter the next phase. complex with a group of protein called cyclin-dependent kinases

Cyclins perform its function by forming a

Each phase of the cell cycle has its

5/3/12 specific complex of cyclins and cyclin-

Cyclins & cyclinCyclin B binds cyclin D and dependent kinases (CDKs) E to its CDK, and control the
this complex allows the cell to leave the G2 phase and enter the M phase. Cyclin A binds to its CDKs thus enabling the cell to leave the S phase and enter the G2 phase and

transition from G1 to S stage. Both are synthesized and bind to their respective CDKs. These complexes activate a variety of proteins that permit the cell 5/3/12 enter and to progress

Cyclins & cyclindependent kinases (CDKs)

Once the cyclins have performed their specific functions, they enter the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, where they are degraded into their 5/3/12 component

Checkpoints of the cell cycle


Mode of cell cycle regulation that provide a surveillance mechanism for ensuring that the transition from one stage of the cell cycle to the other occur at the correct order and important events are completed with fidelity
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Checkpoints of the cell cycle


1- It controls the transition between the cycle stages. 2- It detects the essential processes of the D NA replication, mitosis and cell cycle such as cytokinesis. 3- It detect external or internal problems and send inhibitory signals to the cellThe cell cycle stops at several checkpoints and cycle system. 5/3/12
can only proceed if certain conditions are met.

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3.

DNA replication checkpoint

Spindle assembly checkpoint Or metaphase checkpoint


4.

2.

DNA damage checkpoi nt

2.

DNA damage checkpoi nt

2.

DNA damage checkpoi nt


1.

5/3/12 which is sensitive to the size of the cell, the state of the cells physiologic processes, and its

Restriction checkpoint

in the G2 phase detects the presenc e of delayed DNA replicati on forks

in mitosis: delays the onset of chromosome separation until all chromosomes are attached to the mitotic spindle. present in G1, S, and G2 phases of the cell cycle. They block cell-cycle progression in G1 phase sensitive to until repair of the physiological state of the cell& its the damaged 5/3/12 interactions with the surrounding or DNA, matrix.

The control system blocks progression

through each of these checkpoints if it detects problems inside or outside the cell.

If the control system senses problems in

the completion of DNA replication, for example, it will hold the cell at the G2/ M checkpoint until those problems are solved. not appropriate for cell proliferation, the 5/3/12 control system blocks progression

Similarly, if extracellular conditions are

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