TYPES OF CELLULAR

REPRODUCTION AND
ORGANISMS
 REPRODUCTION

TYPES OF REPRODUCTION IN UNICELLULAR

AND MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS
CELL TYPES
What is reproduction?
 Organisms of the same species produce fertile offspring to perpetuate
their lineage and inherit their characteristics (Hernández, 2017).

 Biological process in which an organism gives rise to new organisms or

offspring. Reproduction allows the continuity of the species, generation
after generation (Maheshwari.2017).

 Process by which one or two organisms form a new individual (Valencia

and Rodriguez, 2016).

 Process that develops at different levels of organization triggered by the

action of other phenomena, mainly growth (Valencia and Rodriguez,
2016).
Mitosis. The process of cell division in which genetic information is
conserved, so that two daughter cells containing the same genes are
formed.
Meiosis

A type of cell division in sexually reproducing organisms that reduces the

number of chromosomes in the gametes (the sex cells, i.e., eggs and
sperm).
Gametogenesis is the name given to the process of gamete formation.

Spermatogenesis: is the process of formation of spermatozoa, which are

the male gametes. It takes place in the testicular seminiferous tubules with
an approximate duration of 62 to 75 days in the human species.
Ovogenesis is the process by which female gametes (eggs) are
produced.

It takes place in the ovaries and the precursor cells of the oocytes are the
oogonia, which begin their division from the third month of gestation and
give rise to primary oocytes (diploid cells).
Zygote. A cell formed by the fusion of two sex cells, egg and sperm,
from which the embryo and later a complete organism is formed.
 Asexual reproduction Sexual reproduction

-Involves a single individual, which - Requires the participation of two

reproduces itself. organisms of opposite sex.

- Does not involve recombination of - Involves exchange and recombination

genes. of genes.

- It is related to mitosis processes. - Sex cells or gametes must be formed.

- It is related to meiosis processes.
- Produces offspring identical to the
parent and to each other. - Produces offspring different from their
parents and from each other.
- It is the main form of reproduction of
unicellular organisms, although there are - Takes place in plants, animals and
multicellular organisms that can have this fungi.
type of reproduction.
Organized in teams, make a model of spermatogenesis or ovogenesis with different materials,
such as pipe cleaners, colored paper, etcetera.

Investigate why all the sperm that are produced are different from each other.
Asexual reproduction
It is a form of reproduction, both in plants
and in other organisms, through which new
individuals identical to the parent are Fission
formed, without the intervention of gametes
(eggs and sperm). Gemmation
Only one parent is involved Sporulation
Example: Unicellular organisms Fragmentation
Bacteria reproduce every 20 min Cloning

Hernández,2017
Fission
Called binary fission or bipartition. As the name implies, the original cell
divides in half; both the genetic material and the cytoplasm are divided, so
that one cell gives rise to two new cells, both of the same size and similar
to itself.

Angert,2005
Gemmation
Gemmation consists of the formation of buds (gems), in different regions of
the progenitor cell and even several can be formed at the same time.
When these buds mature, their genetic material has been duplicated and
separated from the original cell.

Angert,2005
Sporulation
In this a large number of descendant cells of the original one are formed,
with the same genetic information. The size of the spores varies greatly,
depending on the species, but each species always produces the same
type of spores.

plants, fungi, mosses, ferns, some protozoa, and algae

Angert,2005
Fragmentation
In multicellular organisms, the separation of portions of the organism that grow into another
individual.
PARTHENOGENESIS
A very special form of asexual reproduction. In this case an unfertilized
egg develops as if it were a zygote and gives rise to an embryo, and then
to a complete individual that will be the only descendant of the female that
gave rise to it.
REGENERATION
In some organisms, the tissues that form them have a high regenerative
capacity, so that if they fragment they can regenerate a complete individual
from each fraction.
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
In some plants, the reproductive unit may be a stem, a tuber or rhizomes:
a leaf, which, when detached from the maternal body, gives rise to a new
plant.
Tuber: subway stems can give rise to a
new plant.

Stolon: stems that fall to the ground, from

which a new plant can sprout.

Bulb: formed by modified leaves, which

can give rise to a new plant.

Clipping: is a procedure in which a new

plant is sprouted from a branch, which is
placed in suitable conditions for it to sprout
roots.
Advantages and disadvantages
of asexual reproduction
Advantage: it is simple, does not require the search for a mate, is very fast
and generates a huge number of offspring from a single individual.

Disadvantage: the offspring are always the same as their parents and if
environmental conditions were to change it would be very difficult for them
to adapt and survive.
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
Sexual reproduction involves specialized cells called gametes.

Gametogenesis
Sexual reproduction in
animals
Sexual reproduction, unlike asexual reproduction, involves meeting a mate
for genetic exchange.

In many cases, the first step in the sexual reproduction of animals involves
a male performing actions to court a female.
External fertilization
In external fertilization, there is no physical contact between the male and
the female, and it usually takes place in the water.

Both male and female individuals throw their gametes into the water and
fertilization takes place there.
Internal fertilization
 This type of fertilization is characteristic of reptiles, birds, mammals,
insects and some fish. In this case, the male deposits sperm inside
the female's body, thus ensuring fertilization.

 The process is known as copulation.

 Males may have a copulatory organ (penis or similar structure) that

introduces the sperm, or fertilization may be achieved by the union or
overlapping of cloacae, as is the case in birds, where the male lacks
a copulatory organ.
Hermaphroditism
Some animals can have both sexes at the same time, produce both eggs
and sperm, and are called hermaphrodites.

This is the case of earthworms, sponges, some nematodes (microscopic

worms) and mollusks.

It can also occur in certain fish, frogs and toads.

In general, in these animals there is no self-fertilization, but cross-

fertilization, i.e., two individuals interbreed by exchanging their gametes.
Embryo development forms
Oviparous

Eggs develop outside the mother's body.

They can take care of them, as in the case of birds that lay nests in which
they deposit the fertilized eggs and protect them from the cold and
predators until they hatch, that is, until the chicks break the shell.
Viviparous

In these cases, the embryo develops inside the mother's body, where it
receives from her the nutrients it needs to grow.

When the development process is complete, the offspring are born alive.

Almost all mammals develop in this way.

Ovoviviparous

Some animals such as sharks, scorpions and various types of snakes are
ovoviviparous.

In these cases, the embryo develops in an egg inside the mother's body,
but it is not nourished by the mother, but by the nutrients in the egg.

At the end of their formation, the offspring are born alive.

Marsupials

These are a special case of development that occurs in certain types of

mammals.

These are animals, such as kangaroos and koalas, that have their first
stage of formation inside the mother's body and then, when they are only a
few millimeters long, they emerge through the vagina and move to a pouch
or marsupium on the outside of the mother's body.
Calyx. Formed by the sepals, which are generally green leaves, arranged
in the form of a ring and found on the receptacle.

Corolla. Formed by petals, which are modified leaves, generally of showy

colors and that surround the reproductive structures.

Stamens. Male organs formed by a fi lament and an anther in which the

pollen, male cells of the plant, are stored.

Pistil. Female organ containing the ovules, female reproductive cells.

The pistil consists of three parts.

The stigma, which is at the top and is

usually sticky; this is the site where the
pollen grain falls.

The other parts are the style, a tube that

carries the pollen grain to the base of the
pistil, and the ovary, which is at the base
and encloses the ovules.
The number of petals of the plant also has many variations.
Monocotyledonous plants, such as lilies, orchids and grasses, generally
have three petals or multiples of three; dicotyledonous plants, such as
roses, peaches or beans, have multiples of four or five.
Flowers that have only pistils or stamens are unisexual.

If the flower has only stamens it is called staminate and if it has only
pistils, pistillate.

Flowers that are unisexual or lacking sepals or petals are known as

incomplete flowers.
Pollination and fertilization
The sex cells of flowers are formed by
processes of meiosis in the anthers and
ovary. Pollen grains, which are the
carriers of male gametes, are produced
in the anthers.

The pollen wall is quite hard and

resistant, and has a characteristic shape
for each plant species, so it is possible to
identify a species just by observing the
pollen grains it produces.

In each pollen grain there is a haploid

cell that divides by mitosis, but without
complete cell division. In this way, the
cell inside the pollen grain has two nuclei
Pollination occurs when the female part
of a flower receives the pollen that will
fertilize it. This process can be carried
out by the wind or with the help of some
pollinating insects.

When the pollen comes in contact with

the stigma, which is the upper part of the
pistil, its sheath is broken and a pollen
tube begins to form, which advances and
makes its way through the style to the
ovary. One of the nuclei migrates to the
tip of the pollen tube and becomes the
nucleus of the tube.