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9796 Vector

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16 views

9796 Vector

Uploaded by

Om Kiruba
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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IDENTIFYING

FEATURES OF
VECTOR AND
CAUSATION OF
DISEASE
What is a Vector?
 An invertebrate, arthropod, or any living
carrier or host which allows
development or multiplication of parasite
inside its own system and transmits the
infective forms to another host.
 Vector(Dorland’s medical dictionary)
A carrier especially an animal which can
transmit the infectious agent from one
host to another
 Vector Borne

Disease spread or transferred from one


host to another by a vector
Vector capacity
 Describes the Potential of a group of
arthropods to transmit a given pathogen
 6 determinants
 Abundance
 Host preference and Host feeding practices
 Longevity
 Dispersal
 Reproductive capacity
 Vector competence
Vector capacity
 Abundance:
 More the vector , higher the
probability of disease transmission
 Direct probability of vector –host
contact
Vector capacity
 Host preference and feeding practices:
 Patterns of host feeding that are
determined by identification of blood
meals in vectors is usually a end result
of many factors including availability of
host and host preferences.
Vector capacity
 Reproductive capacity:
 A measure of rate at which
population of vector increases
 The net reproductive rate of vector
is a combination of both reproductive
rate and the survival of vector.
Vector capacity
 Longevity:
 How long the vector’s life cycles
last
 Maximum longevity will permit
vectors to act as essential part in
reservoir of infection.
Vector capacity
 Dispersal:
 Describes how far the vector can fly
or move about freely
 Vectors that can move freely for long
distances will have a greater chance of
contact with humans and more likely to
spread the infectious agent from one host
to another.
Vector capacity
 Vector competence:
 The susceptibility of a group of
arthropods to a given strain of pathogen and
ability of those arthropods to transmit the
pathogen.
 These traits are under genetic control
 Though infection and transmission vary
with temperature, vector competence is
considered an innate characteristic for a
particular vector for a given micro-organism
Vector feeding habits
 Anthropophily: feeding process and
preferring humans over another animal
 Frequency of feeding depends on
temperature typically in tropical conditions
 Under optimal conditions, biting takes place
every 2-3 days
Receptivity of the Vector
 Habitual presence of vector anophelines or
existence of ecological factors
 Can survive up to 12- 14 days
 Temperature of surrounding around 30
degree Celsius
 About 60 degree relative humidity
 Efficient in biting species
 Closeness to reservoir of infection with
high density
Types of Vector
 Primary vector:
If they are proved to be transmitting a
pathogen to man /animal
 Secondary vector:

If they play a supplementary role in


transmission but would be unable to
maintain a disease in the absence of a
primary vector
Epidemiological classification
1) By Vector:
Invertebrate type - flies, mosquitoes,
fleas, cockroaches, lice, bugs, mites
Vertebrate type - Mice, rodents, bats
Epidemiological classification
2) By transmission chain
 Man and non vertebrate host:
- Man-arthropod-man
- Man-snail-man
 Man and vertebrate host:

-mammal-arthropod-man(plague)
-Bird-arthropod-man(encephalitis)
Epidemiological classification
 Man and 2 intermediate host:
-Man-cyclops-fish-man(fish tapeworm)
-Man-snail-fish-man(clonorchis sinensis)
-Man-snail-crab-man(Paragonimiasis)
Epidemiological classification
3) By methods in which transmits agent:
-Biting
-Regurgitation
-Scratching in of infective faeces
-Contamination of host with body fluids of
vectors
4) By methods in which vectors are involved
in transmission and propagation of
parasites
- Mechanical transmission
- Biological transmission
Mechanical Transmission
 No development or multiplication of
infectious agent within the vector
 When the pathogens adheres to body
hairs, spines or other structure of the
vector.
 Nearly all mechanically transmitted
diseases can be transmitted in other ways
also( contamination of food and water)
 Eg. cockroaches, houseflies
Biological transmission

I.Propagative :
 the pathogen multiplies but there is no
change in form
 Most viral diseases fall in this category
 Eg. Plague bacilli in rat fleas
Biological transmission

ii) Cyclo-developmental:
 The pathogen undergoes several changes
in the vector
 No multiplication takes place within the
body of vector
 Filarial nematodes are the only pathogens
transmitted this way
 Also known as cyclical transmission
Biological transmission

iii) Cyclo-propagative:
 Both multiplication and life changes occur
in the body of vector
 Eg. Malarial parasites, Leishmaniasis
 Also known as propagative and cyclical
transmission
Vector Borne diseases-Intro
 Vector borne diseases are considered
the most serious disease
 The seriousness of vectors because of
their ability to transmit disease at a large
scale in shorter duration than other
infectious diseases.
Vector Borne diseases
Vector Diseases transmitted

Housefly Diarrhoeal and dysenteric diseases

Sandfly Kala azar (Visceral leishmaniasis), Oriental sore


(cutaneous leishmaniasis), Sandfly fever

Tse-Tse fly African sleeping sickness

Soft tick KFD(outside India), Relapsing fever, Q fever

Hard tick Tularaemia, KFD(India), Tick paralysis,


encephalitis, Tick haemorrhagic fever
Rocky mountain spotted fever

Louse Epidemic typhus, Trench fever


Vector Borne diseases
Vector Diseases transmitted

Mite Scrub typhus

Flea Plague

Anopheles mosquito Malaria, Filariasis (Outside India)

Culex Bancroftian filariasis, Japanese


encephalitis

Aedes Yellow fever, Dengue,


Chickengunya, Filariais (outside
India)
Anopheline Biology
 Life span- After blood meal 10-12 days
to be infective
 Resting habits- may be Endophily or
Exophily
 Endophagic or Exophagic(biting)
 Time of biting: Female mosquitoes bite
every 3rd day to lay eggs
Malaria
Aedes-Biology
 Tiger mosquito
 Breeding sites- flower cases, overhead
tanks, bucket waters, utensils
 Resting habit- rest indoors in dark
places
 Can fly up to 400 metres height only
Dengue
Culex
 Culex quinquefasciatus- Filariasis
 Breeds in dirty and polluted water
 Require aquatic plants like Pistia stratiotes
for breeding .
 Culex vishnui- Japanese encephalitis
 Water bodies with vegetations like paddy
fields, shallow ditches and pools.
Sandfly
Program-strategies
 National vector borne disease control
program(NVBDCP)
 Disease management including case
detection, sentinel surveillance, complete
treatment, referral services, epidemic
preparedness rapid response
 Integrated vector management- Indoor
residual sprays, Insecticidal nets, antilarval
measures
 Supportive measures- Behavioural
change communication, research ,
monitoring and evaluation
 Vaccinations- Japanese encephalitis
 Annual mass drug administration-
filariasis

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