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Lecture 21

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16 views

Lecture 21

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vajojo8727
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Lecture 21

Reflections at a Boundary:

Hard reflection: incident Soft reflection: incident


pulse is up and reflected pulse is up and reflected
pulse is down. reflected pulse is also up. reflected
pulse is inverted. out of pulse is not inverted. in
phase. destructive phase. constructive
interference. node. interference. antinode.

Fig. (a) Wall: hard reflection and (b) Rod: soft reflection
Standing waves and resonance:
Consider a string, such as a guitar string, that is stretched between two
clamps. Suppose we send a continuous sinusoidal wave of a certain
frequency along the string, say, toward the right. When the wave reaches
the right end, it reflects and begins to travel back to the left. That left-
going wave then overlaps the wave that is still traveling to the right.

For certain frequencies, the interference produces a standing wave


pattern (or oscillation mode) with nodes and large antinodes like those
in Fig. 16-20. Such a standing wave is said to be produced at
resonance, and the string is said to resonate at these certain
frequencies, called resonant frequencies.
node = 2
antinode = 1
loop = 1
= L or =

node = 2+1
antinode = 1+1
loop = 1+1
+ = L or =

node = 3+1
antinode = 2+1
loop = 2+1
+ + = L or =

Thus, a standing wave can be set up on a string of length L by a wave with


a wavelength equal to one of the values, = for n = 1, 2, 3. ……..
The resonant frequencies that corresponds to these
wavelengths follow from the equation
v=f
f=

f=

Resonant frequency, f =

Oscillation mode: n = 1, 2, 3,………………..


If n = 1, f1 =

If n = 2, f2 =
If n = 3, f3 =
44. A 125 cm length of string has a mass 2.00 g and tension 7.00 N
between fixed supports. (a) What is the wave speed for this string?
(b) What is the lowest resonant frequency of this string?
Here, L = 125 cm= = 1.25 m
m = 2.00 gm= kg = 0.002 kg

= 7.00 N
= = kg/m = 0.0016 kg/m

= = (4375) = 66.14 m/s Ans.

(b) For the lowest resonant frequency, n = 1: f=


f1 =
85. A 120 cm length of string is stretched between fixed supports. What
are the (a) longest, (b) second longest, and (c) third longest wavelength
for waves traveling on the string if standing waves are to be set up? (d)
Sketch those standing waves.
Here, L = 120 cm= m = 1.20 m

(a) = L = 2L = 2 (1.20) = 2.40 m Ans.

(b) + = L =L = L = 1.20m Ans.

(c) + + = L =L = = = 0.80 m Ans.

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