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The Sounds of Language

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4 views

The Sounds of Language

Uploaded by

Shelvy Rojas
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 16

LINGUISTICS

The Sounds of Human Language


AGENDA
I. Introduction
II. Phonetics and its branches:
articulatory, acoustic and auditory phonetics
III. Articulatory phonetics
A. Voiced and voiceless sounds
B. Classification of sounds based on the place of articulation
C. Classification of sounds based on manner of articulation
IV. Vowels
V. Diphthongs
VI. Diacritics
I. Introducción
I take it you already know
Of tough and bough and cough and dough?
Others may stumble but not you
On hiccough, thorough, lough and through.
Well done! And now you wish, perhaps,
To learn of less familiar traps?

Beware of heard, a dreadful word,


That looks like beard and sounds like bird.
And dead: it’s said like bed, not bead –
For goodness sake don’t call it “deed”!
Watch out for meat and great and threat
(They rhyme with suite and straight and debt). T. S.W. quoted in Mackay (1970)
II. Phonetics and its branches
- Articulatory phonetics: The study of how speech sounds are made,
or articulated.

- Acoustic phonetics: It deals with the physical properties of speech as


sound waves in the air.

- Auditory phonetics (perceptual phonetics): It deals with the


perception, via the ear, of speech sounds.
III. Articulatory Phonetics
A. Voicing degree/ feature
1. Voiceless sounds: When the vocal folds are spread apart, the
air from the lungs passes between them unimpeded, these are what
we call voiceless sounds. E.g. [p], [t], [k], [s] …..

2. Voiced sounds: When the vocal folds are drawn together, the
air from the lungs repeatedly pushes them apart as it passes through,
creating a vibration effect, these are what we call voiced sounds.
E.g. [l], [m], [n], [r]…..
B. Kinds of sounds Based on the Place of Articulation
(location inside the mouth/ vocal tract)
1. Bilabials (bilabial sounds): These sounds are formed by
putting both lips together, lower and upper lips. E.g. [p], [b], [m].

2. Labiodentals (labiodental sounds): These sounds are formed


with the upper teeth and the lower lip. E.g. [v], [f]

3. Dentals (dental sounds): These sounds are formed with the


tongue tip behind the upper lip.
E.g. 1) thin, three, teeth = [θ], this voiceless phonetic symbol´s name is
“theta”.
E.g. 2) the, there, then = [ð], voiced this phonetic symbol´s name is
“eth”
4. Alveolars (alveolar sounds): These sounds are formed with
the front part of the tongue on the alveolar ridge.
E.g. top [t], dip[d], sit [s], zoo [z], nut [n].
- [t] and [s] are voiceless and [d], [z] and [n] are voiced.

5. Palatals (palatal sounds): These are formed with the


tongue and the palate. E.g. shout [ʃ], child [t͡ʃ ], pleasure [ʒ], gem [d͡ʒ
]

6. Velars (velar sounds): These sounds are produced with the


back of the tongue against the velum. E.g. kid [k], go [g], sing [ŋ]
7. Glottals (glottal sounds) : This sound is formed without the
active use of the tongue, at the glottis (space between the vocal folds in
the larynx) . E.g. have [h]
C. Kinds of sounds Based on the Manner of Articulation
1. Stops (plosives) : These sounds are formed by briefly
stopping the air stream and then, letting it go abruptly. E.g. [p], [b], [t],
[d], [k], [g].
- [t] is a voiceless alveolar stop sound.

2. Fricatives (fricative sounds): These sounds are formed by


blocking the air stream and having the air push through a very narrow
opening, as the air is pushed through there is a type of friction resulting
in fricative sounds.
E.g. [f], [v], [θ], [ð], [s], [z], [ʃ], [ʒ], [h]
3. Affricates (affricate sounds): These sounds are formed by
combining a brief stopping of the air stream with an obstructed release
which causes some friction. E.g. child [t͡ʃ ], gem [d͡ʒ]

4. Nasals (nasal sounds): These sounds are formed when the


velum is lowered, and the air stream is allowed to flow out through the
nose. E.g. mouth [m], new [n], song [ŋ]

5. Liquids (liquid sounds): These sounds are formed by letting


the air stream flow around the sides of the tongue and the tip of
tongue contacts the middle of the alveolar ridge. E.g. [m], [n], and [ŋ]
6. Glides (glide sounds): These sounds are produced with the
tongue in motion (gliding) to or from the position of a vowel,
sometimes they are also called semi-vowels.
E.g. wet [w], yes [j]

7. Glottal stops and flaps:


- Glottal stop occur when the space between the vocal folds (the
glottis) is closed completely, very briefly, then released. Oh oh! [ʔ]
IV. Vowels
V. Diphtongs
combination of two vowel sounds.
E.g. Hi [aɪ]
VI. Diacritics
a mark near or through an orthographic or phonetic character
or combination of characters indicating a phonetic value
different from that given the unmarked or otherwise marked
element.
◌̥ Voiceless n̥ d̥ ◌̤ Breathy voiced b̤ a̤ ◌̪ Dental t̪ d̪
◌̬ Voiced s̬ t̬ ◌̰ Creaky voiced b̰ a̰ ◌̺ Apical t̺ d̺
ʰ Aspirated tʰ dʰ ◌̼ Linguolabial t̼ d̼ ◌̻ Laminal t̻ d̻
◌̹ More
rounded ɔ̹ ʷ Labalized tʷ dʷ ◌̃ Nasalized ẽ
◌̜ Less
rounded ɔ̜ ʲ Palatalized tʲ dʲ ⁿ Nasal release dⁿ
◌̟ Advanced u̟ ˠ Velarized tˠ dˠ ˡ Lateral release dˡ
◌̠ Retracted e̠ ˤ Pharyngealized tˤ dˤ ◌̚ No audible release d̚
◌̈ Centralized ë ◌̴ Velarized or pharyngealized ɫ
◌̽ Mid-
centralized e̽ ◌̝ Raised e̝ (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative)

◌̩ Syllabic n̩ ◌̞ Lowered e̞ (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant)

◌̯ Non-syllabic e̯ ◌̘ Advanced Tongue Root e̘


˞ Rhoticity ɚ a˞ ◌̙ Retracted Tongue Root e̙
IPA International Phonetic Alphabet
https://www.internationalphoneticalphabet.org/ipa-charts/ipa-symbols
-chart-complete/

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