IPRC MUSANZE

Integrated Polytechnic
Regional College

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM DESIGN

WASDW801
Lecturer
Dr Janvier MUNYANEZA
Email: [email protected]
Mobile: 0792997916/ 0735398681
About the module
What can motivate you to pursue water and
sanitation technology training courses?
 Existing are big skills gap in the domains of sanitary facilities in
terms of management, operation and maintenance, water supply
system facilities in terms of construction, management,
operation and maintenance. (RP survey 2023)
 A range of jobs matching with your skills and expertise
 Module outline

Chap 0. Water as a resource: Some related

issues
Chap 1. Design of waste water treatment
plant
Chap 2. Design of water distribution network
Chap 3. Design of water storage structure
Chap 4. Elaborate a design report
Chap 0. Water as a resource: Some related issues

Some ecosystem services

Ecosystem services
are
the direct and
indirect
contributions
ecosystems (known
as natural capital)
provide for human
wellbeing and
quality of life.
.

.
 .

Other water needs

 .

Water demand for different countries

World water usage per capita.

Developed vs
developing countries
 .

Activity 1
Q1. More services provided to humans by
nature.
Q2. More water needs
Q3. Why per capita daily water consumption
is a way higher for developed countries?
 Water characteristics and
classification
 Even highly polluted wastewaters such as domestic
sewage are still essentially water.
 Domestic sewage is 99.9 % water as it has only about
1000 mg/l impurities.
 Seawater has about 35,000 mg/l of impurities, (it is
called impurities as long as we relate this water with
potability, otherwise salts present in sea water is
considered normal) in this case all in solution.
 Seawater can be, however, used for swimming and
recreation.
 But sewage cannot be considered for any use.
 Water characteristics and
classification (ct’d)
 Water that is absolutely pure is not found in
nature.
Reasons:
1) Water vapor in air condenses about particles,
and as it falls, absorbs dust, CO2 and other gases.
2) At the ground surface it takes up silt and other
inorganic matter.
 Water characteristics and
classification (ct’d)

3) A few bacteria will enter the water from the air,

but at the ground surface many more will be
picked up as it runs off in streams or rivers.

4)Small amounts of the products generated from

the decomposition of organic matter, nitrites,
nitrates, CO2 and ammonia will go into solution.
 Water characteristics and
classification (ct’d)
 When rainfall percolates into the soil
suspended silt and bacteria are lost via
filtration. Decomposition products may also
be lost in filtration process by chemical
combination or by the action of plants.
 Water characteristics and classification (ct’d)

Note:
The loss of impurities is offset by a mixture of
salts the percolating water encounters on its
path.
The amount of impurities and their
characteristics depend upon the length of
underground travel and the chemical make up
of the strata traversed.
 Water characteristics and
classification (ct’d)
 Potable water is one that is safe to drink,
pleasant to taste and usable for domestic
purposes.
 A contaminated water (polluted water) is one
containing microorganisms, chemicals,
industrial or other wastes or sewage so that it is
unfit for its intended use.
Common water impurities and their effects
 Water quality
What are the key factors that influence water quality?

• Sedimentation
• Runoff
• Erosion
• Dissolved oxygen
• pH
• Temperature
• Decayed organic materials
• Pesticides
• Toxic and hazardous substances
• Oils, grease, and other chemicals
• Detergents
18
Water quality

19
 Basic Water Quality Parameters
• pH
• Specific conductance (EC)
• Salinity
• Total dissolved solids (TDS)
• Turbidity
• Dissolved oxygen (DO)
• Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• Temperature
i) Physical parameters

▪ Temperature: Significant for its effect on other properties

such as tastes and odours, gas solubilities and speed of
chemical and biochemical reactions.
▪ Tastes and odors: Tastes and odours caused by complex
organic substances of natural or industrial origin and are
responsible for most consumer complaints with water
supply agencies.
▪ Color: Chemically pure water has a blue tint but many
natural surface waters have a yellow appearance. True
colour is due to soluble matter but apparent colour can be
produced by suspended matter..
 Temperature

Affects:
Water density
Gas solubility
Chemical reaction rates
Organism growth rates
Conductivity
pH
Dissolved Oxygen

22
 Temperature – naturally varies because of

… Changes in seasonal/diurnal air temperature

… Thermal stratification in lakes

… Size and temperature of inflows

… Residence time (lakes)

i) Physical parameters
 Solids: Flowing water can transport colloidal,
suspended and floating solids, It is often useful
.

to additionally divide the various types of solids

into inorganic and organic materials which are
present in water.
 Electrical conductivity: Electrical conductivity is
due to the presence of dissolved salts in water
and it can be correlated with total dissolved
solids
.
.
.
 Solids analysis
A well-mixed sample is filtered through a weighed
standard glass-fiber filter and the residue retained on
the filter is dried to a constant weight at 103 to 105
°C.

The increase in the weight of the filter represents the

total suspended solids.
Total solids (TS) are the weight of the material residue left after
evaporation of a sample at a temperature of 105°C.

Total suspended solids (TSS) is the portion of material retained

by a filter, and total dissolved solids (TDS) is the portion of
material that passes through the filter.

Total volatile solids (TVS) is the difference in weight of the

total solids after burning them to ashes, and Settleable solids
(SS) is the material that settles out of suspension within a
defined period of time.
 Total Solids can be divided into two fractions:
o Suspended Solids
Suspended solids are the solids that can not pass
.

through a glass fiber filter with a 0.45 micron pore

opening.
o Dissolved Solids
Dissolved solids are the solids that can pass
through a glass fiber filter with a 0.45 micro pore
size
Volatile and Fixed Solids
 Volatile solids are the solids that are volatilized
at 600oC .

 Fixed solids are the solids that remain after

heating to 600oC
Generally the volatile solids are considered to be
the organic fraction of the solids.
Volatile Solids = Total Solids – Fixed Solids
▪TDS: used as a measure of inorganic
salt content in drinking waters and
natural waters .

▪TSS: used to assess clarifier

performance
▪VSS: used to estimate bacterial
populations in wastewater treatment
systems
.

.
.

.
ii) Chemical parameters
• pH : pH is a measure of the intensity of acidity of
alkalinity in a water. It ranges between 0 to 14, with pH 7
.

considered as neutral
• Alkalinity: Alkalinity is due to the presence of
bicarbonate, carbonate or hydroxide ions. It provides a
useful buffering action to resist sudden changes in pH.
• Acidity: Most natural waters are buffered by a carbon
dioxide/ bicarbonate system in which carbonic acid exists
in the pH range 4.5 to 8.3
 pH
• Measures hydrogen ion
concentration (pH=-log[H+])
• Ranges from 0 to 14 std. units
• pH
– pH=7 neutral solutions
– 0 ≤pH≤ 7 acidic solutions
– 7≤ pH ≤14 alkaline solutions
• Desirable limit 6.5-8.5
• Measurement: pH-meter

34
 pH (Cont’d)

pH value expresses the intensity

of the acidic or basic characteristic of water.

Seawater: 8.0- 8.5

Freshwater: 6.5 – 9.0

The pH of most groundwater's and surface waters are buffered by the bicarbonate-carbonate
system and have pH values between 5 and 9.
Seawater is buffered by the bicarbonate-borate system and has a relatively stable pH between
8.0 and 8.5. The optimum pH for the growth and health of most freshwater aquatic animals is
in the range of 6.5 to 9.0.
 Factors that affect pH
• Algal blooms
• Bacterial activity
• Water turbulence
• Chemicals flowing into the water body
• Sewage overflows
• Pollution

36
 Substances that change pH of water

Battery acids pH<1.0 Milk pH6.7

Carbonated pH2 – 4 Rain water pH6.5

Beverages
Lemon juice pH2.3 Blood pH7.5
Orange juice pH4.2 Sea water pH8.0

Vinegar pH3 Ammonia pH11.3

solution
Domestic pH6.5-8.5 Ground pH7.5-8.5
sewage water
37
 Alkalinity (cont’d)
• Presence of carbonates, bi-carbonates and
hydroxide compounds of Ca, Mg, Na and K
Alkalinity = hardness -Ca and Mg salts
Alkalinity > hardness - presence of basic salts, Na,
K along with Ca and Mg
Alkalinity < hardness – neutral salts of Ca & Mg
present
▪ Hardness: Calcium and /or magnesium ions in water result
in the formation of scale in hot water systems and increases
soap consumption.
.

▪ Dissolved oxygen (DO): DO is one of the most important

parameters in assessing water, as since oxygen is essential
for most forms of aquatic life.
Note:
o Organic wastewaters normally have no DO since they
exert an oxygen demand.
o Fish require minimum DO concentrations of between 10
and 60 % saturation depending upon species and other
characteristics of the water.
 Oxygen Demand: The most common agent of oxygen demand
is the oxidation of organic matter although inorganic reducing
agents such as sulphides also take up DO.
.

o In natural watercourse, the oxidation of organic matter is

carried out by microorganisms, which in the presence of DO
use aerobic reactions to produce stable inorganic end
products.
o A measure of the oxygen utilization under such circumstances
given by the Bio-Chemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).
o A more rapid indication of oxygen demand can be obtained
from Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) determinations.
 Hardness

Capacity of water for reducing and destroying

the lather of soap
• It is total concentration of calcium and
magnesium ions (Ca2+ and Mg2+) Other ions
are: Fe3+, Sr2+, Zn2+, Mn2+
• Types of Hardness
Temporary hardness – Bicarbonates of Calcium
and Magnesium
Permanent hardness – Sulphates, chlorides and
nitrates of calcium and magnesium
 Hardness (cont’d)
• 0 – 50 mg/l - soft
• 50 – 150 mg/l - moderately hard
• 150 – 300 mg/l - hard
• 300 above - very hard
• Surface water is softer than ground water
Water Hardness Causes encrustations in water
supply structures
 Dissolved Oxygen
• Amount of gaseous oxygen (O2)
dissolved in water
• Oxygen gets into water by
diffusion from the surrounding
air, by aeration, and through
photosynthesis
• DO range from 0-18 mg/l
• Need 5-6 mg/l to support a
diverse population
• DO < 2 mg/l - Hypoxia

• Oxymeter
 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
DO is the measurement of oxygen
dissolved in water and available for
fish and other aquatic life.

Indicates health of an aquatic system.

Can range from 0-18 ppm.

Most natural water systems require 5-

6 ppm to support a diverse population.

Varies with time of day, weather, temperature.

 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Increase in organic waste

Increase in algae/plant vegetation

Decrease in DO available to organisms

Leads to changes in ecosystem as

organisms needing lots of DO are
replaced by organisms needing little.
 Nutrients:
o Nitrogen and phosphorus are important in water and
wastewater Nutrients have influence of on biological
.

activity.
o Domestic wastewaters normally have high levels
nutrients.
o Some industrial wastes may be so deficient in
nutrients.
o Without nutrients in waste water biological oxidation
may be impossible unless additional nutrients are
provided.
 Total Ammonia-Nitrogen
• Usually the second limiting factor – nitrogenous
waste: feces & feed

•TAN includes ammonium ion (NH +)

4
and ammonia (NH3)
• The proportion of NH3 increases with increasing
temperature and pH
• < 0.05 mg/L NH3
• < 0.5 mg/L nitrite-N (NO-2) ,
Percent of Total Ammonia in the Un-
Ionized Form at Various Temperatures
and pH

percent Ammonia
Temperature (ºF) (pH) 7.0 8.0 9.0
___________________________________________
50º 0.19 1.83 15.7
68º 0.40 3.82 28.4
86º 0.80 7.46 44.6
 Activity 2

Q1. How would we explain the following:

i) Blue babies
ii) Pb poisoning
iii) Eutrophication
Q2. A 15 ml water sample is diluted to 300ml with
nutrients solution and incubated in he dark for five
days at 20 oC. The initial dissolved oxygen
concentration is 9.05 mg/L and the final
concentration is 4.25 mg/L. The blank for the dilution
water decreased in dissolved oxygen concentration
from 9.05 mg/L to 8.80 mg/L. Estimate BOD5
 Assignment
Q1. A sample of waste water has an ultimate
BOD of 280 mg/L and a 5-day BOD of 240 mg/L.
Calculate 20-day BOD of this sample.
 Assignment
Q2. Explain the changes/conversions illustrated
by blue, yellow and red arrows in the following
cycle
 3 major Water/Waste water characteristics
(ct’d)

Other chemical characteristics:

• chloride,
• heavy metals,
• complex organic compounds such as pesticides
and herbicides etc.
 Chloride
Causes
• Dissolution of salt deposit
• Discharge of effluents
• Intrusion of sea water
Acceptable limit - 250 mg/l

Not harmful to human beings

 Fluoride causes:
Three types of Fluorosis
1. Dental Fluorosis
2. Skeletal Fluorosis
3. Non-skeletal Fluorosis
 Residual chlorine
• Chlorine added to water forms hypochlorite ions and
hypochlorite acids.
• Types of chlorine:
 Chlorine demand – Quantity required for killing micro
organisms and reacting with ammonia, organic
compounds etc.
 Free residual chlorine – To take care of post
contamination. To the consumer.
Desirable limit – 0.2 mg / liter (residual chlorine)
 Heavy Metals
• Present as mineral in soil and rocks of earth
• From Human being activities
Battery – Lead & Nickel
Textile - Copper
Photography – Silver
Steel production – Iron
• Industrial discharges
 Pesticides
• Long term consumption of pesticides above
permissible level can cause:
 Cancer
 Birth defects
 Blood disorder
 Nervous disorder
 Genetic damage
.

.
Properties of organic compounds
▪Usually combustible
.

▪Have lower melting and boiling points

▪Less soluble in water
▪Have very high molecular weight
▪Most organic compounds can serve as a source of
food for micro-organisms
Source(s):
▪Nature: fibres, vegetable oils, animal oils and fats,
.

cellulose, starch, sugar.

▪Synthesis: a wide variety of compounds and
materials prepared by manufacturing processes.
E.g. DDT, polyvinyl chloride.
▪Fermentation: Alcohols, acetone, glycerol,
antibiotics, acids.
.
.
Biodegradable organics
▪Food for micro-organisms
▪Fast and easily oxidized by micro-organisms. e.g.
.

starch, fat protein, alcohol, human and animal

waste.
Non-biodegradable organics
▪Difficult and much more longer to biodegrade
▪Or toxic to micro-organisms. e.g. PVC, pesticide,
industrial waste, cellulose, phenol, lignic acid.
Effects
▪ Depletion of the dissolved oxygen in the water.
o Destroying aquatic life and Damaging the
.

ecosystem
▪ Some organics can caused cancer.
e.g Trihalomethane (THM-carcinogenic
compound) are produced in water and wastewater
treatment plants when natural organic compounds
combine with chlorine added for disinfection
purposes.
Normally, wastewater has high organic content.
The organic content are measured by
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and
.

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and the value

is about 100 to 400 mg/L