NAMASTE

Suvarna Singh Raut MSc. in Geotechnical Engg, IOE, Pulchowk Campus(2017)

BE in Civil Engg, Kathmandu University (2010)
Civil Department Lecturer, HCOE (2017 – Till date)
HCOE Project Engineer at Nyam Nyam Hydropower(2015-2017), Nuwakot
Mistri Khola Hydropower (2015), Myagdi; Site and Lab Incharge
Sanjen Hydropower (2013-2015), Rasuwa; Site Enginer
Mayur Builders
Soil and Foudation Consultant
Course Contents:
1. Introduction to Civil Engineering Material
2. Building Stones
3. Clay Products
4. Lime
5. Cement
6. Mortar
7. Timber
8. Metals And Alloys
9. Paints and Varnishes
10. Asphalt, Bitumen, Tar and Miscellaneous Material
Course objective:
Introduce the students to a wide range of materials that can be
used in construction and maintenance of civil engineering project.
More importance given to properties and uses of construction
material
So that selection of suitable material for each project will be
appropriate.
Note: Selection of Material, Storage, Sampling, Testing
 1. Introduction to CEM (2 hrs)
1.1) Scope of the subject (Extent of the area or subject
matter that sth deals with or to which it is relevant)
1.2) Selection criteria of construction material
1.3) Classification of Civil Engineering material
1.4) Properties of Civil Engineering Material
1.4.1) Physical Properties
1.4.2) Mechanical or Strength Properties
TOR: Cold Twisted
Deformed steel.

TMT: 'Thermo Mechanical

Treatment‘

TMT bars can be used in

various types of
construction works due to
their amazing flexibility
and ductility
which TOR steel cannot
provide. ... TMT bars
thermo mechanical
treatment technology
prevents rust and corrosion
whereas TOR steel bars
contain chloride irons
which makes them highly
vulnerable in humid
conditions.
 Engineering????
• Profession of applying scientific principles practically in
design, construction, maintenance etc.

Civil Engineering:
Oldest branch of engineering
ASCE defines, Civil Engineering is the profession in which
knowledge of the mathematical and physical sciences gained
by study, experience and practice is applied with judgement to
develop ways to utilize economically the materials and forces
of nature for the progressive well being of human and society.
Material:
• Substance or substances out of which things are or can be made.

Building (Engineering Material):

General factors which affect the choice of materials for particular
scheme:
Climatic Background
Economic aspect
Aesthetic value
Std. Level (Specification)
We need to develop products of greater economic efficiency
Optimum applications
 Evolution of Material
• 4000 BC-Stone age-Weapons to kill
• Cave became unsafe
• Own shelter; Stone walls, wooden and grass roof
• Bronze age (alloy); Bronze is first man made alloy
• Iron age
• Modern/Industrial age
 Concept of Civil Engg Material
• Engg Material which are used in Civil Projects
• Civil Engineering consisis of
Design
Construction
Maintenance
Inspection and Management
Civil ER. must know the properties of all the building materials for their
appropriate use.
Natural Materials
Man-made materials
The knowledge of materials and their properties is necessary to
guarantee the structure.
 Basic Civil Engg Materials
– Building Stones
– Bricks
– Clay products
– Lime
– Cement
– Concrete
– Mortar
– Timber etc.

Knowledge of CEM assist for:

Selection of Material
Storage
Sampling
Testing
 1.1 Scope of the subject
• Introduction to wide range of construction material and their
physical, mechanical, chemical, electrical, thermal, metallurgical and
optical properties
• Deals with the fundamentals of material science
• Information on strength on Stress-Strain relationship, Hardness,
Ductility
• Effect of time and environment on properties of materials

Brittle; Ductile: Make graphical representation

Factories, Industries, Research centres, hospitals and all infrastructures

of this century is the outcome of Civil Engg. Materials
Ductile Material O to A: Proportional Limit
Linear Relationship; On increasing Stress; Strain will also
Yielding: Change in shape increase
When External Load is Applied;
Unit of E???
Stress (Internal Resistance) and
strain characteristics:

A to B: Elastic Limit
B to C: Point C is Upper Yield Point (Permanent Set)
C to D: Point D is Lower Yield Point
D to E : Point E is Yield Point and has max. Stress
E to F: Stress goes on reducing but strain increases
F: Breaking Point
Strain is the physical Deformation. The material breaks
after it reaches maximum stress.
Initially; External Load increases; Internal Stress Increases; Strain Increases
Load Removed from Point A; Stress becomes 0 ; Object will return back to Original Shape; Elastic Manner; OA Linear Relation
Load Removed from Point B; Stress becomes 0 ; Object will return back to Original Shape; Elastic Manner; Though Not Linear
B to C: Not much change in Stress, But the yielding (Change in Shape) has started; Permanently Deformed
C to D: Stress at Point D is less but the material is deforming more
Brittle Material

O to A: Approximately Proportional
Limit
If Stress increases; Strain can or cannot
increase
A to B : Stress and Strain both
Increases
Suddenly at Point B; the object is
Failing i.e. it Breaks
B : Breaking Point or Fracture

In Ductile material, the graph was flowing

and it was giving warning before failing. The
material was elongated. Its diameter was
reduced.
In Brittle material, internal cracks are
developed inside which are not developed
outside. The cracks then reach upto the
surface.E.g. Glass, wood , concrete, cast iron
In general, soft tough metals will be ductile. Harder, stronger metals tend to be
more brittle.

S.No. Ductile Material Brittle Material

1. Withstand Elongation Breaks while Elongated or Bent
2. Considerable Deformation Observed Not Seen
3. Hammered to wires Impossible
4. Low Young’s Modulus and Elastic Stress Large
5. Exhibit Large Strain before Fracture Breaks Suddenly; No warning
6. Iron, Gold, Aluminum, Platinum etc. Brick, Glass, Wood, Bakelite etc.
1.2 Selection Criteria for Construction Materials

Factors:
1. Manufacturing process:
a. Plasticity
b. Malleability
c. Machinability (Ease with which a metal
can be cut)
d. Thermal properties
e. Surface finish
2. Functional Requirement:
should provide strength and rigidity as per the
changes in the surrounding
Strength
Hardness
Creep (slow movement)
Rigidity
Thermal conductivity
Electrical treatment
Toughness
3. Cost considerations:
Cost is prior to all factors:
a. Raw materials (Locally available more preferred)
b. Storage
c. Special treatment
d. Inspection
e. Packaging
f. Taxes and custom duty
4. Operating Parameters
a. Consider environmental(seasonal) change that is to be
faced by the structure in near future
b. Temperature, pressure and humidity
c. Flow
d. Type of material
e. Corrosion requirement
f. Weathering
g. Biological effects
h. Taxes and custom duty

Note:
Selection of Proper optimization of the material
property from its manufacturing process to the place
of its site.
Within the laws of criteria
 1.3 Classification of CEM
1. Based on composition:
Organic: Obtained from living organisms only;
Carbon containing-Timber, bitumen,plastic
Inorganic: Iron, copper
2. Based on the uses:
a. Solid Building Materials: Stone, Brick, Aggregate etc.
b. Binding Materials: Cement, Lime, Clay, Bitumen
c. Finishing Materials: Paints, varnishes , distemper
d.Insulating Materials: Glass, Wood, Expanded clay
3. Based on the occurrence:
Naturally occurring like Timber, stones etc.
Manufactured like Plastic, Cement
Note:
Varnish: resin dissolved in a liquid for applying on wood, metal,
or other materials to form a hard, clear, shiny surface when dry.

Appearance
• Paints contain pigment and generally range from opaque to translucent they provide decorative and
protective layer.
• Varnish has little or no color, it is transparent, and has no added pigment, Varnishes are also applied
over wood stains as a final step to achieve a film for gloss and protection. It is used when one wishes
to retain the natural beauty of wood.
Application
• A primer paint coat is usually required before applying top coats of paint. If the surface is not primed,
the paint will not adhere to the surface and it will peel off very easily. Paint can be applied with a
brush, a roller, or a spray gun.
• Varnish can be applied directly to bare or stained wood that is free of dust. The traditional way of
applying varnish is with a brush but it can also be sprayed or wiped on.
Distemper paint is water based paint, which is made up of water, chalk and
pigments. Animal glue or resins are used in binding the materials. Distemper
paint is mostly applied only on the walls and ceiling surface. It also proves to
be ideal for temporary interior paint works.
Distemper: is also known as cement paint. This is called so because such
kind of paint can be applied directly on cement walls without any other
coating on them. ... This is an oil based paint and it gives a shine to the walls.
Being better in quality, emulsions are a little costlier as compared
to distemper paints.
The difference between paint and enamel is same as that between a car and
a Ford as enamel is a type of paint. Paint is mostly acrylic, water based or oil
based. Enamel paints are also used for furniture to have a glossy, smooth
finish after drying up that allows for easy cleaning of furniture. Enamel
is hard so surfaces that require heavy traffic or exposure to the elements are
usually painted in enamel. Enamel Paints do sometimes need a topcoat or
a primer and in some cases even both
 1.4 Properties of CEM
• 1.4.1 Physical:
a. Specific Gravity
b. Density
c. Porosity
d. Water absorption
e. Hygroscopicity: Property of absorbing water present in the ambience. E.g.
Timber, Cement
f. Permeability
g. Fire resistivity: Note:Petrol is inflammable; Timber is combustible
h. Thermal Conductivity: Ability to conduct an Electric current
i. Boiling and Freezing Point
j. Linear coefficient of Expansion: increase in length per unit length of solid
per unit rise in temperature
k. Soundness: the state of being in good condition; robustness
l. Frost resistance
1.4.2 Mechanical or Strength Properties:
a. Strength: Compressive, Tensile and Shear
b. Elasticity
c. Plasticity
d. Ductility
e. Malleability
f. Toughness (Tenacity): withstand bending or application
of shear without fracture
g. Brittleness
h. Hardness
i. Creep
j. Fatigue
k. Resilience: ability of a substance or object to spring back into
shape; elasticity
l. Impact strength
1.4.3 Thermal property
Specific heat capacity
Thermal conductivity
Thermal expansion
Melting point

Note: Refer RK Rajput Book (Self Study)

Other properties:
Electrical: Resisitivity, Conductivity, Temp. coeff. Of Resistance ,Dielectric Strength,Thermoelectricity
Magnetic: Permeability, Magnetic Hysteresis, Coercive force
Optical: Light Transmission, Refractive Index, Color, Reflectivity
Chemical: Corrosion Resistance, Chemical composition, Acidity, Alkalinity
Note:
Electric Materials: Conductors: Copper, Aluminium
Semi Conductors: Silicon, Germanium
Insulators: Asbestos, Bakelite, Varnishes
Magnetic : Iron, Nickel, Cobalt
Ceramic Materials:
Q. As a Civil Engineer, what are the major factors which you consider most for the selection of material
in Civil Engineering Project in Nepal? Write short notes on significant mechanical properties of Civil
Engg. Materials. [2075]
Q. How is Civil Engg Materials classified? Define the terms: Fatigue and Resilience.