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Chapter 2

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Chapter 2

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You are on page 1/ 78

CHAPTER 2

ONE-DIMENSIONAL STEADY STATE


CONDUCTION

2.1 Examples of One-dimensional


Conduction:

2.1.1 Plate with Energy Generation and


Variable Conductivity

1
Example 2.1: Plate with internal energy generation
q and a variable k
k  ko (1   T )
0o C q 0o C
Find temperature distribution.
0 x
(1) Observations L
• Variable k Fig. 2.1
• Symmetry
• Energy generation
• Rectangular system
• Specified temperature at boundaries
2
(2) Origin and Coordinates
Use a rectangular coordinate system

(3) Formulation
(i) Assumptions
• One-dimensional
• Steady
• Isotropic
• Stationary
• Uniform energy generation
3
(ii) Governing Equation
Eq. (1.7):
d  dT 
k   q  0 (2.1)
dx  dx 
k  ko (1   T ) (a)
(a) into eq. (2.1)
d  dT  q (b)
 (1   T )   0
dx  dx  ko

(iii) Boundary Conditions.


Two BC are needed:
4
T ( 0)  0 (c)

T ( L)  0 (d)

(4) Solution
Integrate (b) twice
 q 2
2
T T  x  C1 x  C 2 (e)
2 2ko
BC (c) and (d)
qL
C1  , C2  0 (f)
2ko
5
(f) into (e)
qL x
2  x
T  T
2
1  L   0 (g)
  ko  

Solving for T
1 qL x 
1 x
T   1  (h)
  2
 ko  L 
Take the negative sign

1qL x 
1 x
T   1  (i)
  2
 ko  L 
6
(5) Checking
• Dimensional check
• Boundary conditions check
• Limiting check: q  0, T  0
• Symmetry Check:
1

dT 1  1 qLx x  2 qL 2 x
  2 (  1) ( )(  1) (j)
dx 2   ko L   ko L

Setting x = L/2 in (j) gives dT/dx = 0

7
• Quantitative Check
Conservation of energy and symmetry:
qAL
q( 0)   (k)
2
qAL
q( L)  (l)
2

Fourier’s law at x = 0 and x = L

dT (0) qAL
q(0)   ko 1  T (0)  (m)
dx 2
8
dT ( L) qAL
q( L)   ko 1  T ( L)  (n)
dx 2

(6) Comments
Solution to the special case:
k = constant: Set   0

2.1.2 Radial Conduction in a Composite


Cylinder with Interface Friction

9
Example 2.2: Rotating shaft in sleeve, frictional
heat at interface, convection on
outside. Conduction in radial direction.
h, T
Determine the temperature T1
Rs r
distribution in shaft and sleeve. Ro
T2
0

qi sleeve
(1) Observations Fig. 2.2

• Composite cylindrical wall


• Cylindrical coordinates
• Radial conduction only
10
• Steady state:
Energy generated = heat conducted through the
sleeve
• No heat is conducted through the shaft
• Specified flux at inner radius of sleeve, convection
at outer radius

(2) Origin and Coordinates


Shown in Fig. 2.2

11
(3) Formulation
(i) Assumptions
• One-dimensional radial conduction
• Steady
• Isotropic
• Constant conductivities
• No energy generation
• Perfect interface contact
• Uniform frictional energy flux
• Stationary
12
(ii) Governing Equation
Shaft temperature is uniform. For sleeve: Eq. (1.11)

d  dT1 
 r  0 (2.2)
dr  dr 

(iii) Boundary Conditions


Specified flux at Rs :

dT1 ( Rs )
qi   k1 (a)
dr
13
Convection at Ro :

dT1 ( Ro )
 k1  h[T1 ( Ro )  T ] (b)
dr

(4) Solution
Integrate eq. (2.2) twice
T1  C1 ln r  C 2 (c)

BC give C1 and C2
qi Rs
C1   (d)
k1
14
and
qi Rs  k1 
C 2  T   ln Ro  (e)
k1  hRo 

(d) and (e) into (c)


qi Rs  Ro k1 
T1 ( r )  T  ln r  hR  (f)
k1  o

hRo / k = Biot number


Shaft temperature T2: Use interface boundary condition

T2 ( r )  T2 ( Rs )  T1 ( Rs ) (g)
15
Evaluate (f) at r = Rs and use (g)

qi Rs  Ro k1 
T2 ( r )  T  ln R  hR  (h)
k1  s o

h, T
(5) Checking T1
Rs
• Dimensional check Ro
r
T2
• Boundary conditions check 0

• Limiting check: qi  0


qi sleeve
Fig. 2.2
(6) Comments
• Conductivity of shaft does not play a role
16
• Problem can also be treated formally as a
composite cylinder. Need 2 equations and 4 BC.

2.1.1 Composite Wall with Energy Generation


Example 2.1: Plate 1 generates heat at q. Plate 1
To x is sandwiched between two plates.
L2 k2 Outer surfaces of two plates at To .
q
L1 0 k1
L2
Find the temperature distribution in
k2
To the three plates.
Fig. 2.3

17
(1) Observations To x
• Composite wall L2 k2
q
• Use rectangular L1 0 k1
coordinates L2 k2
To
• Symmetry: Insulated
Fig. 2.3
center plane
• Heat flows normal to plates
• Symmetry and steady state:
Energy generated = Energy conducted out

(2) Origin and Coordinates


Shown in Fig. 2.3 18
(3) Formulation
(i) Assumptions
• Steady
• One-dimensional
• Isotropic
• Constant conductivities
• Perfect interface contact
• Stationary

(ii) Governing Equations


Two equations:
19
2 2
d T1 q d T2
  0 (a) 2
 0 (b)
2 k dx
dx
(iii) Boundary Conditions
Four BC:
Symmetry:
dT1 (0)
0 (c)
dx
Interface:
dT1 ( L1 / 2) dT2 ( L1 / 2)
k1  k2 (d)
dx dx
20
T1 ( L1 / 2)  T2 ( L1 / 2) (e)

Outer surface:
T2 ( L1 / 2  L2 )  To (f)

(4) Solution
Integrate (a) twice
q 2
T1 ( x )   x  Ax  B (g)
2k1
Integrate (b)
T2 ( x )  Cx  D (h)
21
Four BC give 4 constants: Solutions (g) and (h) become

qL12  1 k1 L2 x 2 
T1 ( x )  To     2 (i)
2k1  4 k 2 L1 L1 

qL12  1 L2 x 
T2 ( x )  To      (j)
2k 2  2 L1 L1 

(5) Checking
qL2
• Dimensional check: units of :
k
22
q( W/m 3 ) L2 ( m 2 )
 oC
k ( W/m  o C)
• Boundary conditions check
• Quantitative check:
1/2 the energy generated in center plate = Heat
conducted at x  L1 / 2
L1 dT1 ( L1 / 2)
q   k1 (k)
2 dx

23
(i) into (k)
dT1 ( L1 / 2) L1
 k1  q
dx 2
Similarly, 1/2 the energy generated in center plate
= Heat conducted out
L1 dT2 ( L1 / 2  L2 )
q   k 2 (l)
2 dx
(j) into (l) shows that this condition is satisfied.

• Limiting check:
(i) If q  0, then T1 ( x )  T2 ( x )  To .
(ii) If L1  0 then T1 ( x )  To .
24
(6) Comments
Alternate approach: Outer plate with a specified
flux at x  L1 / 2 and a specified temperature at
x  L1 / 2  L2 .

2.2 Extended Surfaces - Fins

2.2.1 The Function of Fins


Newton's law of cooling:

q s  hAs (Ts  T ) (2.3)

25
Options for increasing q s :
• Increase h
• Lower T
• Increase As

Examples of Extended Surfaces (Fins):

• Thin rods on condenser in back of refrigerator


• Honeycomb surface of a car radiator
• Corrugated surface of a motorcycle engine
• Disks or plates used in baseboard radiators
26
2.2.2 Types of Fins

(a) constant area (b) variable area


straight fin straight fin

(c) pin fin (d) annular fin

Fig. 2.5
27
Terminology and types
• Fin base
• Fin tip
• Straight fin
• Variable cross-sectional area fin
• Spine or pin fin
• Annular or cylindrical fin

2.2.3 Heat Transfer and Temperature


Distribution in Fins
• Heat flows axially and laterally (two-dimensional)
• Temperature distribution is two-dimensional 28
2.2.4 The Fin Approximation
Neglect lateral temperature r T
variation

T  T ( x) x T

Criterion: h,T
Biot number = Bi Fig . 2.6

Bi = h /k << 1 (2.4)

 /k Internal resis tan ce


Bi  
1 / h external resis tan ce
29
2.2.5 The Fin Heat Equation: Convection at
Surface
(1) Objective:
Determine fin heat transfer rate.
Need temperature distribution.

(2) Procedure:
Formulate the fin heat equation.
Apply conservation of energy.
• Select an origin and coordinate axis x.
• Assume Bi  0.1,  T  T ( x )
• Stationary material, steady state
30
dAs
y C
dx h, T dqx
ys qx qx  dx
0 x dx
dx
dy
dqc ds
(a) (b) (c )

Fig. 2.7

Conservation of energy for the element dx:


E in  E g = E out (a)

E in  q x (b)

 dq x
Eout  q x  dx  dqc (c)
dx 31
dAs
C
dq x
qx qx  dx
dx
dx
dy
dqc ds
(b ) (c )
(b) and (c) into (a)
 dq x
Eg  dx  dqc (d)
dx
Fourier's law and Newton’s law
dT
q x   kAc (e)
dx
dqc  h(T  T )dAs (f)
Energy generation 32
E g  qAc ( x )dx (g)
(e), (f) and (g) into (d)
d  dT 
 kAc ( x) dx  dx  h (T  T )dAs  qAc ( x ) dx  0
dx   (2.5a)
Assume constant k
d 2T 1 dAc dT h dAs q
 
2 A ( x ) dx dx kA ( x )
(T  T )  0
dx c c dx k
(2.5b)
• (2.5b) is the heat equation for fins
• Assumptions:
(1) Steady state
(2) Stationary 33
(3) Isotropic
(4) Constant k
(5) No radiation
(6) Bi << 1
• Ac , dAc / dx , and dAs / dx are determined from
the geometry of fin.

2.2.6 Determination of dAs /dx


From Fig. 2.7b
dAs  C ( x ) ds (a)

C ( x ) = circumference
ds = slanted length of the element 34
For a right triangle
2 2 1/ 2
ds  [dx  dy s ] (b)
(b) into (a)
  dy s  2 1 / 2
dAs
 C ( x ) 1     (2.6a)
dx   dx  
For dy s / dx << 1
dAs
 C ( x) (2.6b)
dx
2.2.7 Boundary Conditions
Need two BC
35
2.2.8 Determination of Fin Heat Transfer
Rate q f :
h, T qs
qs
0 x
q( 0 ) h, T qs
Fig. 2.8

Conservation of energy for q  0 :


q f  q( 0)  q s (a)

Two methods to determine q f :


36
(1) Conduction at base.
Fourier's law at x = 0
dT (0)
q f  q(0)   kAc (0) (2.7)
dx
(2) Convection at the fin surface.
Newton's law applied at the fin surface

q f  qs   h[T ( x )  T ]dAs (2.8)


As

• Fin attached at both ends: Modify eq. (2.7)


accordingly
• Fin with convection at the tip: Integral in eq. (2.8)
includes tip 37
• Convection and radiation at surface: Apply eq. (2.7).
Modify eq. (2.8) to include heat exchange by
radiation.

2.2.9 Applications: Constant Area Fins with


Surface Convection
h, T
C
0 x
h, T
To Ac
Fig. 2.9
38
A. Governing Equation
Use eq. (2.5b). Set h, T
C
dAc / dx  0 (a) 0 x
h, T
y s = constant
To Ac
Fig. 2.9
dy s / dx  0
Eq. (2.6a)
dAs / dx  C (b)

(a) and (b) into eq. (2.5b)

d 2T hC
 (T  T )  0 (2.9)
dx 2 kAc 39
Rewrite eq. (2.9)
  T  T (c)

2 hC
m  (d)
kAc
Assume T = constant, (c) and (d) into (2.9)
2
d  2
m  0 (2.10)
dx 2
Valid for:
(1) Steady state
(2) constant k, Ac and T
40
(3) No energy generation
(4) No radiation
(5) Bi 1
(6) Stationary fin

B. Solution
Assume: h = constant

 ( x )  A1 exp(mx )  A2 exp( mx ) (2.11a)

 ( x )  B1 sinhmx  B2 coshmx (2.11b)

41
C. Special Case (i):
• Finite length
• Specified temperature at base, convection at tip
Boundary conditions:
h, T C
0 x ht
h, T
To Ac
Fig. 2.10

T (0)  To (e)

dT ( L)
k  ht [T ( L)  T ] (f)
dx
 ( 0)   o (h)
42
d ( L)
k  ht  ( L) (i)
dx
Two BC give B1 and B2
 ( x ) T ( x )  T
 (2.12)
o To  T
cosh m L  x   ht mk sinh m L  x 

cosh mL  ht mk sinh mL
Eq. (2.7) gives q f
(To  T )[sinh mL  ( ht /mk )cosh mL ]
q f  [k Ac C h]
1/ 2

cosh mL  ( ht /mk ) sinh mL


(2.13)
43
C. Special Case (ii):
• Finite length
• Specified temperature at base, insulated tip
BC at tip:
d ( L )
0 (j)
dx
Set ht  0 eq. (2.12)
 ( x ) T ( x )  T cosh m( L - x )
  (2.14)
o To  T cosh mL
Set ht  0 eq. (2.13)
q f  kAc Ch 12
To  T tanh mL (2.15)
44
2.2.10 Corrected Length Lc
• Insulated tip: simpler solution
• Simplified model: Assume insulated tip, compensate
by increasing length by Lc
• The corrected length is Lc
Lc  L  Lc (2.16)

• The correction increment Lc depends on the


geometry of the fin:
Increase in surface area due to Lc = tip area
Circular fin:
2
 ro  2 ro Lc 45
Lc  ro / 2
Square bar of side t
Lc  t / 4
2.2.11 Fin Efficiency  f
Definition
qf
f  (2.17)
qmax

qmax  hAs To  T 


As = total surface area
46
Eq. (2.17) becomes
qf
f  (2.18)
h As (To  T )

2.1.12 Moving Fins Tsur

h, T
Examples: x
To U
dx
• Extrusion of plastics (a)

• Drawing of wires and dqr dqc

sheets ˆ dhˆ
m hˆ m( h 
 dx )
(b) dx
dq
• Flow of liquids qx
dx
q x  x dx
dx
Fig. 2.11 47
dqr dqc
Heat equation: dhˆ
m hˆ ˆ
m ( h  dx )
Assume: dx

dq x
qx 
• Steady state q x dx
dx
dx
• Constant area (b)
• Constant velocity U Fig. 2.11

• Surface convection and radiation


Conservation of energy for element dx

dq dhˆ
q x  m hˆ  q x  x dx  m hˆ  m  dqc  dqr
dx dx
(a)

m   UAc (b)
48
dhˆ  c p dT (c)
Fourier’s and Newton’s laws
dT
q x   kAc (d)
dx
dqc  h (T  T )dAs (e)

dAs  C dx (f)

dqr    (T 4  Tsur
4
) dAs (g)

(b)-(g) into (a) assume constant k


d 2T  c p U dT hC  4 4
2
  (T  T )  (T  Tsur )0
dx k dx kAc k
(2.19)
49
Assumptions leading to eq. (2.19):
(1) Steady state
(2) Constant U, k, P and  ,
(3) Isotropic
(4) Gray body
(5) Small surface enclosed by a much larger surface and
(6) Bi << 1

50
2.2.13 Application of Moving Fins
h, T
Example 2.4 x U W
Plastic sheet leaves furnace insulated bottom
t
furnace
at To . To
Fig. 2.12
Sheet is cooled at top by convection.
Assume:
(1) Steady state
(2) Bi < 0.1
(3) No radiation
(4) No heat transfer from bottom
Determine the temperature distribution in the sheet.
51
Solution h, T
x U W
(1) Observations furnace insulated bottom
t

• Constant area fin To


Fig. 2.12
• Temperature is one-dimensional
• Convection at surface
• Specified furnace temperature
• Fin is semi-infinite
• Constant velocity

(2) Origin and Coordinates


52
(3) Formulation
(i) Assumptions
(1) One-dimensional
(2) Steady state
(3) Isotropic
(4) Constant pressure
(5) Constant U, k, P and ,
(6) Negligible radiation
(ii) Governing Equation
Eq. (2.19)
d 2T  c p U dT hC
2
  (T  T )  0 (2.20)
dx k dx kAc 53
Ac  Wt (a)
C  W  2t (b)

(a) and (b) into eq. (2.20)


2
d T dT
2
 2b m T c
2
(c)
dx dx
where
 c pU h(W  2t )
2 h (W  2t )
b , m  , c T
2k kWt kW t
(d)
(iii) Boundary Conditions
T (0)  To (e)
T ()  finite (f)
54
Eq. (c) is:
• Linear
• Second order
• Constant coefficients
(4) Solution:
Eq. (A-6b), Appendix A

T  C1 exp( bx  b 2  m 2 x )  (2.21)
2 2 c
C 2 exp( bx  b  m x ) 
m2
B.C. (f)
C1  0 (g)
55
B.C. (e)
c
C 2  T0  2 (h)
m
(d), (g) and (h) into (2.21)

T ( x )  T   c pU  c pU 2 h(W  2t ) 
 exp  ( )  x
To  T  2k 2k kW t 

(2.22)

(5) Checking
Dimensional check: Each term in the exponential in
eq. (2.22) is dimensionless
56
Boundary conditions check: Eq.(2.22) satisfies (e) and (f).
Limiting checks:
(i) If h  0 :
T ( x )  To
(ii) If U   :
T ( x )  To

(6) Comments
(i) Temperature decays exponentially
(ii) Motion slows decay

57
2.2.14 Variable Area Fins
Ac  Ac ( x )

Example: Cylindrical or annular fin

Governing equation:
Usually has variable coefficients
h, T

Case (i) : The Annular Fin h, T dr


r

Fig. 2.13

d 2T 1 dAc dT h dAs
  (T  T )  0
dr 2 Ac ( r ) dr dr kAc ( r ) dr (2.23)
58
Ac ( r )  2 r t (a)

dAc / dr  2  t (b) h, T
r
h, T dr
Eq.(2.6a) gives dAs / dr
Fig. 2.13

  dy s  2 1 / 2
dAs
 C ( r ) 1    
dr   dr  
For y s = constant:
dy s / dr  0
C ( r )  2( 2 r ) (c)
59
Eq. (2.6a):
dAs
 2( 2 r ) (d)
dr
(a), (b) and (d) into eq. (2.23)
d 2T 1 dT
 ( 2 h / kt )(T  T )  0 (2.24)
dr 2 r dr
Case (ii): Triangular straight fin
y
Fin equation: Constant k, L
eq. (2.5b) h, T ys
x t
Ac  2W y s ( x ) (e)
0 h, T
dx
Fig. 2.14 60
y
L
h, T ys
x t
0 h, T
dx
Fig. 2.14

y s  ( x / L)( t / 2) (f)

Ac  (W t / L) x (g)
dAc
Wt / L (h)
dx
Eq. (2.6a):
dAs
 2W [1  (dy s / dx ) 2 ]1 / 2  2W [1  ( t / 2 L) 2 ]1 / 2
dx
(i)
61
(g), (h) and (i) into eq. (2.5b)

d 2T 1 dT
2

dx x dx

 2hL / kt 1  t / 2 L  
2 1/ 2
1 / x (T  T )  0
(2.25)

Equations (2.24) and (2.25) are:


•Linear
•Second order
•Variable coefficients

62
2.3 Bessel Differential Equations and Bessel
Functions
2.3.1 General form of Bessel Equations

 
2
2d y 2 dy
x 2
 (1  2 A) x  2 B x (2.26)
dx dx
 
 C 2 D 2 x 2C  B 2 x 2  B(1  2 A) x  A2  C 2 n 2 y  0

Note the following:


(1) Eq. (2.26) is linear, second order with variable
coefficients
(2) A, B, C, D, and n are constants 63
(3) n is called the order of the differential equation
(4) D can be real or imaginary

2.3.2 Solution: Bessel Functions


• Form: Infinite power series solutions
• General solution: depends on the constants n and D
(1) n is zero or integer, D is real


y( x )  x A exp(B x ) C1 J n ( D x C )  C 2 Yn ( D x C ) 
(2.27)
where
C1 ,C 2 = constant of integration 64
J n ( Dx C ) = Bessel function of order n of the first kind

Yn ( Dx C ) = Bessel function of order n of the second kind

Note the following:

(i) The term ( D x C ) is the argument of the Bessel


function
(ii) Values of Bessel functions are tabulated

(2) n is neither zero nor a positive integer, D is real


y( x )  x A exp(B x ) C1 J n ( D x C )  C 2 J  n ( D x C ) 
(2.28)
65
(3) n is zero or integer, D is imaginary
A
 C C
y( x )  x exp( B x ) C1 I n ( p x )  C 2 K n ( p x ) 
(2.29)
where
D
p  , i is imaginary =  1
i
I n = modified Bessel function of order n of the first kind
K n = modified Bessel function of order n of the second
kind

66
(4) n is neither zero nor a positive integer, D is imaginary

y( x )  x A exp( B x ) C1 I n ( p x C )  C 2 I  n ( p x C ) 
(2.30)
2.3.3 Form of Bessel Functions
J n , Yn , J  n , I n , I  n and K n :
• Symbols for infinite power series
• The form of each series depends on n
Example: n  2, Bessel function J 2 ( x )
 k 2k  2
( 1) ( x / 2)
J 2 ( x)   (2.31)
k 0 k!k  2 ! 67
2.3.4 Special Closed-form Bessel Functions:
odd integer
n
2
For n  1 / 2
2
J1 / 2 ( x )  sin x (2.32)
x
and
2
J 1 / 2 ( x )  cos x (2.33)
x
68
For n = 3/2, 5/2, 7/2, … use Eq. (2.32) or eq. (2.33) and
the recurrence equation:

2k  1
J k 1 / 2 ( x )  J k 1 / 2 ( x )  J k  2 / 3 ( x )
x
k = 1, 2, 3, … (2.34)
For the modified Bessel functions, n = 1/2

2
I1 / 2 ( x )  sinh x (2.35)
x
and
2
I 1 / 2 ( x )  cosh x (2.36)
x 69
For n = 3/2, 5/2, 7/2, …. use eq. (2.35) or eq. (2.36) and
the recurrence equation
2k  1
I k 1 / 2 ( x )  I k 1 / 2 ( x )  I k  2 / 3 ( x )
x
k = 1, 2, 3, … (2.37)

2.3.5 Special Relations for n = 0, 1, 2, …


J  n ( x )  ( 1)n J n ( x ) (2.38a)
n
Y n ( x )  ( 1) Yn ( x ) (2.38b)

In ( x)  In ( x) (2.38c)

K n ( x)  K n ( x) (2.38d)
70
2.3.6 Derivatives and Integrals of Bessel
Functions

Z n1 mx 
  n
d n  mx Z  J , Y , I (2.39)
x Z n mx   
dx mx  n Z n1 mx  Z  K (2.40)

Z n1 mx  Z  J , Y , K (2.41)


  n
d n   mx
x Z n mx   
dx mx  n Z n1 mx  Z  I (2.42)

71
 n
 mZ n1 mx   Z n mx  Z  J , Y , I
d 
Z n mx    x (2.43)
dx  mZ mx   n Z mx  Z  K
 n1 n
x (2.44)

 n
  mZ n1 mx   Z n mx  Z  J , Y , K
d 
Z n mx    x (2.45)
dx mZ mx   n Z mx  Z  I
 n 1 n
x (2.46)

x
n n
Z n1 ( mx )dx  (1 / m ) x Z n ( mx ) Z  J ,Y , I
(2.47)
72
 x n
Z n 1 mx dx   1 m x n
Z n mx 
Z  J , Y , K (2.48)

2.3.7 Tabulation and Graphical Representation


of Selected Bessel Functions
Table 2.1

x J0(x) Jn(x) I0(x) In(x) Yn(x) Kn(x)


0 1 0 1 0 - 
 0 0   0 0

73
Fig. 2.15 Graphs of selected Bessel functions
74
2.4 Equidimensional (Euler) Equation
2
2d y dy
x 2
 a1 x  a0 y  0 (2.49)
dx dx
Solution:Depends on roots r1 and r2

 (a1  1)  (a1  1)2  4a0


r1, 2  (2.50)
2
Three possibilities:
(1) Roots are distinct

y ( x )  C1 x  C 2 x
r1 r2
(2.51)
75
(2) Roots are imaginary

y( x )  x C1 cos(b log x )  C 2 sin( b log x )


a

(2.52)
(3) One root only
y( x )  x r (C1  C 2 log x ) (2.53)

2.5 Graphically Presented Fin Solutions to Fin


Heat Transfer Rate q f
Fin efficiency  :
f
qf
f  (2.18)
h As (To  T ) 76
Fig. 2.16 Fin efficiency of three types of straight fins [5]

77
Fig. 2.17 Fin efficiency of annular fins of constant thickness [5]
78

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