Chapter 2
Chapter 2
1
Example 2.1: Plate with internal energy generation
q and a variable k
k ko (1 T )
0o C q 0o C
Find temperature distribution.
0 x
(1) Observations L
• Variable k Fig. 2.1
• Symmetry
• Energy generation
• Rectangular system
• Specified temperature at boundaries
2
(2) Origin and Coordinates
Use a rectangular coordinate system
(3) Formulation
(i) Assumptions
• One-dimensional
• Steady
• Isotropic
• Stationary
• Uniform energy generation
3
(ii) Governing Equation
Eq. (1.7):
d dT
k q 0 (2.1)
dx dx
k ko (1 T ) (a)
(a) into eq. (2.1)
d dT q (b)
(1 T ) 0
dx dx ko
T ( L) 0 (d)
(4) Solution
Integrate (b) twice
q 2
2
T T x C1 x C 2 (e)
2 2ko
BC (c) and (d)
qL
C1 , C2 0 (f)
2ko
5
(f) into (e)
qL x
2 x
T T
2
1 L 0 (g)
ko
Solving for T
1 qL x
1 x
T 1 (h)
2
ko L
Take the negative sign
1qL x
1 x
T 1 (i)
2
ko L
6
(5) Checking
• Dimensional check
• Boundary conditions check
• Limiting check: q 0, T 0
• Symmetry Check:
1
dT 1 1 qLx x 2 qL 2 x
2 ( 1) ( )( 1) (j)
dx 2 ko L ko L
7
• Quantitative Check
Conservation of energy and symmetry:
qAL
q( 0) (k)
2
qAL
q( L) (l)
2
dT (0) qAL
q(0) ko 1 T (0) (m)
dx 2
8
dT ( L) qAL
q( L) ko 1 T ( L) (n)
dx 2
(6) Comments
Solution to the special case:
k = constant: Set 0
9
Example 2.2: Rotating shaft in sleeve, frictional
heat at interface, convection on
outside. Conduction in radial direction.
h, T
Determine the temperature T1
Rs r
distribution in shaft and sleeve. Ro
T2
0
qi sleeve
(1) Observations Fig. 2.2
11
(3) Formulation
(i) Assumptions
• One-dimensional radial conduction
• Steady
• Isotropic
• Constant conductivities
• No energy generation
• Perfect interface contact
• Uniform frictional energy flux
• Stationary
12
(ii) Governing Equation
Shaft temperature is uniform. For sleeve: Eq. (1.11)
d dT1
r 0 (2.2)
dr dr
dT1 ( Rs )
qi k1 (a)
dr
13
Convection at Ro :
dT1 ( Ro )
k1 h[T1 ( Ro ) T ] (b)
dr
(4) Solution
Integrate eq. (2.2) twice
T1 C1 ln r C 2 (c)
BC give C1 and C2
qi Rs
C1 (d)
k1
14
and
qi Rs k1
C 2 T ln Ro (e)
k1 hRo
T2 ( r ) T2 ( Rs ) T1 ( Rs ) (g)
15
Evaluate (f) at r = Rs and use (g)
qi Rs Ro k1
T2 ( r ) T ln R hR (h)
k1 s o
h, T
(5) Checking T1
Rs
• Dimensional check Ro
r
T2
• Boundary conditions check 0
17
(1) Observations To x
• Composite wall L2 k2
q
• Use rectangular L1 0 k1
coordinates L2 k2
To
• Symmetry: Insulated
Fig. 2.3
center plane
• Heat flows normal to plates
• Symmetry and steady state:
Energy generated = Energy conducted out
Outer surface:
T2 ( L1 / 2 L2 ) To (f)
(4) Solution
Integrate (a) twice
q 2
T1 ( x ) x Ax B (g)
2k1
Integrate (b)
T2 ( x ) Cx D (h)
21
Four BC give 4 constants: Solutions (g) and (h) become
qL12 1 k1 L2 x 2
T1 ( x ) To 2 (i)
2k1 4 k 2 L1 L1
qL12 1 L2 x
T2 ( x ) To (j)
2k 2 2 L1 L1
(5) Checking
qL2
• Dimensional check: units of :
k
22
q( W/m 3 ) L2 ( m 2 )
oC
k ( W/m o C)
• Boundary conditions check
• Quantitative check:
1/2 the energy generated in center plate = Heat
conducted at x L1 / 2
L1 dT1 ( L1 / 2)
q k1 (k)
2 dx
23
(i) into (k)
dT1 ( L1 / 2) L1
k1 q
dx 2
Similarly, 1/2 the energy generated in center plate
= Heat conducted out
L1 dT2 ( L1 / 2 L2 )
q k 2 (l)
2 dx
(j) into (l) shows that this condition is satisfied.
• Limiting check:
(i) If q 0, then T1 ( x ) T2 ( x ) To .
(ii) If L1 0 then T1 ( x ) To .
24
(6) Comments
Alternate approach: Outer plate with a specified
flux at x L1 / 2 and a specified temperature at
x L1 / 2 L2 .
25
Options for increasing q s :
• Increase h
• Lower T
• Increase As
Fig. 2.5
27
Terminology and types
• Fin base
• Fin tip
• Straight fin
• Variable cross-sectional area fin
• Spine or pin fin
• Annular or cylindrical fin
Criterion: h,T
Biot number = Bi Fig . 2.6
Bi = h /k << 1 (2.4)
(2) Procedure:
Formulate the fin heat equation.
Apply conservation of energy.
• Select an origin and coordinate axis x.
• Assume Bi 0.1, T T ( x )
• Stationary material, steady state
30
dAs
y C
dx h, T dqx
ys qx qx dx
0 x dx
dx
dy
dqc ds
(a) (b) (c )
Fig. 2.7
E in q x (b)
dq x
Eout q x dx dqc (c)
dx 31
dAs
C
dq x
qx qx dx
dx
dx
dy
dqc ds
(b ) (c )
(b) and (c) into (a)
dq x
Eg dx dqc (d)
dx
Fourier's law and Newton’s law
dT
q x kAc (e)
dx
dqc h(T T )dAs (f)
Energy generation 32
E g qAc ( x )dx (g)
(e), (f) and (g) into (d)
d dT
kAc ( x) dx dx h (T T )dAs qAc ( x ) dx 0
dx (2.5a)
Assume constant k
d 2T 1 dAc dT h dAs q
2 A ( x ) dx dx kA ( x )
(T T ) 0
dx c c dx k
(2.5b)
• (2.5b) is the heat equation for fins
• Assumptions:
(1) Steady state
(2) Stationary 33
(3) Isotropic
(4) Constant k
(5) No radiation
(6) Bi << 1
• Ac , dAc / dx , and dAs / dx are determined from
the geometry of fin.
C ( x ) = circumference
ds = slanted length of the element 34
For a right triangle
2 2 1/ 2
ds [dx dy s ] (b)
(b) into (a)
dy s 2 1 / 2
dAs
C ( x ) 1 (2.6a)
dx dx
For dy s / dx << 1
dAs
C ( x) (2.6b)
dx
2.2.7 Boundary Conditions
Need two BC
35
2.2.8 Determination of Fin Heat Transfer
Rate q f :
h, T qs
qs
0 x
q( 0 ) h, T qs
Fig. 2.8
d 2T hC
(T T ) 0 (2.9)
dx 2 kAc 39
Rewrite eq. (2.9)
T T (c)
2 hC
m (d)
kAc
Assume T = constant, (c) and (d) into (2.9)
2
d 2
m 0 (2.10)
dx 2
Valid for:
(1) Steady state
(2) constant k, Ac and T
40
(3) No energy generation
(4) No radiation
(5) Bi 1
(6) Stationary fin
B. Solution
Assume: h = constant
41
C. Special Case (i):
• Finite length
• Specified temperature at base, convection at tip
Boundary conditions:
h, T C
0 x ht
h, T
To Ac
Fig. 2.10
T (0) To (e)
dT ( L)
k ht [T ( L) T ] (f)
dx
( 0) o (h)
42
d ( L)
k ht ( L) (i)
dx
Two BC give B1 and B2
( x ) T ( x ) T
(2.12)
o To T
cosh m L x ht mk sinh m L x
cosh mL ht mk sinh mL
Eq. (2.7) gives q f
(To T )[sinh mL ( ht /mk )cosh mL ]
q f [k Ac C h]
1/ 2
h, T
Examples: x
To U
dx
• Extrusion of plastics (a)
sheets ˆ dhˆ
m hˆ m( h
dx )
(b) dx
dq
• Flow of liquids qx
dx
q x x dx
dx
Fig. 2.11 47
dqr dqc
Heat equation: dhˆ
m hˆ ˆ
m ( h dx )
Assume: dx
dq x
qx
• Steady state q x dx
dx
dx
• Constant area (b)
• Constant velocity U Fig. 2.11
dq dhˆ
q x m hˆ q x x dx m hˆ m dqc dqr
dx dx
(a)
m UAc (b)
48
dhˆ c p dT (c)
Fourier’s and Newton’s laws
dT
q x kAc (d)
dx
dqc h (T T )dAs (e)
dAs C dx (f)
dqr (T 4 Tsur
4
) dAs (g)
50
2.2.13 Application of Moving Fins
h, T
Example 2.4 x U W
Plastic sheet leaves furnace insulated bottom
t
furnace
at To . To
Fig. 2.12
Sheet is cooled at top by convection.
Assume:
(1) Steady state
(2) Bi < 0.1
(3) No radiation
(4) No heat transfer from bottom
Determine the temperature distribution in the sheet.
51
Solution h, T
x U W
(1) Observations furnace insulated bottom
t
T C1 exp( bx b 2 m 2 x ) (2.21)
2 2 c
C 2 exp( bx b m x )
m2
B.C. (f)
C1 0 (g)
55
B.C. (e)
c
C 2 T0 2 (h)
m
(d), (g) and (h) into (2.21)
T ( x ) T c pU c pU 2 h(W 2t )
exp ( ) x
To T 2k 2k kW t
(2.22)
(5) Checking
Dimensional check: Each term in the exponential in
eq. (2.22) is dimensionless
56
Boundary conditions check: Eq.(2.22) satisfies (e) and (f).
Limiting checks:
(i) If h 0 :
T ( x ) To
(ii) If U :
T ( x ) To
(6) Comments
(i) Temperature decays exponentially
(ii) Motion slows decay
57
2.2.14 Variable Area Fins
Ac Ac ( x )
Governing equation:
Usually has variable coefficients
h, T
Fig. 2.13
d 2T 1 dAc dT h dAs
(T T ) 0
dr 2 Ac ( r ) dr dr kAc ( r ) dr (2.23)
58
Ac ( r ) 2 r t (a)
dAc / dr 2 t (b) h, T
r
h, T dr
Eq.(2.6a) gives dAs / dr
Fig. 2.13
dy s 2 1 / 2
dAs
C ( r ) 1
dr dr
For y s = constant:
dy s / dr 0
C ( r ) 2( 2 r ) (c)
59
Eq. (2.6a):
dAs
2( 2 r ) (d)
dr
(a), (b) and (d) into eq. (2.23)
d 2T 1 dT
( 2 h / kt )(T T ) 0 (2.24)
dr 2 r dr
Case (ii): Triangular straight fin
y
Fin equation: Constant k, L
eq. (2.5b) h, T ys
x t
Ac 2W y s ( x ) (e)
0 h, T
dx
Fig. 2.14 60
y
L
h, T ys
x t
0 h, T
dx
Fig. 2.14
y s ( x / L)( t / 2) (f)
Ac (W t / L) x (g)
dAc
Wt / L (h)
dx
Eq. (2.6a):
dAs
2W [1 (dy s / dx ) 2 ]1 / 2 2W [1 ( t / 2 L) 2 ]1 / 2
dx
(i)
61
(g), (h) and (i) into eq. (2.5b)
d 2T 1 dT
2
dx x dx
2hL / kt 1 t / 2 L
2 1/ 2
1 / x (T T ) 0
(2.25)
62
2.3 Bessel Differential Equations and Bessel
Functions
2.3.1 General form of Bessel Equations
2
2d y 2 dy
x 2
(1 2 A) x 2 B x (2.26)
dx dx
C 2 D 2 x 2C B 2 x 2 B(1 2 A) x A2 C 2 n 2 y 0
y( x ) x A exp(B x ) C1 J n ( D x C ) C 2 Yn ( D x C )
(2.27)
where
C1 ,C 2 = constant of integration 64
J n ( Dx C ) = Bessel function of order n of the first kind
y( x ) x A exp(B x ) C1 J n ( D x C ) C 2 J n ( D x C )
(2.28)
65
(3) n is zero or integer, D is imaginary
A
C C
y( x ) x exp( B x ) C1 I n ( p x ) C 2 K n ( p x )
(2.29)
where
D
p , i is imaginary = 1
i
I n = modified Bessel function of order n of the first kind
K n = modified Bessel function of order n of the second
kind
66
(4) n is neither zero nor a positive integer, D is imaginary
y( x ) x A exp( B x ) C1 I n ( p x C ) C 2 I n ( p x C )
(2.30)
2.3.3 Form of Bessel Functions
J n , Yn , J n , I n , I n and K n :
• Symbols for infinite power series
• The form of each series depends on n
Example: n 2, Bessel function J 2 ( x )
k 2k 2
( 1) ( x / 2)
J 2 ( x) (2.31)
k 0 k!k 2 ! 67
2.3.4 Special Closed-form Bessel Functions:
odd integer
n
2
For n 1 / 2
2
J1 / 2 ( x ) sin x (2.32)
x
and
2
J 1 / 2 ( x ) cos x (2.33)
x
68
For n = 3/2, 5/2, 7/2, … use Eq. (2.32) or eq. (2.33) and
the recurrence equation:
2k 1
J k 1 / 2 ( x ) J k 1 / 2 ( x ) J k 2 / 3 ( x )
x
k = 1, 2, 3, … (2.34)
For the modified Bessel functions, n = 1/2
2
I1 / 2 ( x ) sinh x (2.35)
x
and
2
I 1 / 2 ( x ) cosh x (2.36)
x 69
For n = 3/2, 5/2, 7/2, …. use eq. (2.35) or eq. (2.36) and
the recurrence equation
2k 1
I k 1 / 2 ( x ) I k 1 / 2 ( x ) I k 2 / 3 ( x )
x
k = 1, 2, 3, … (2.37)
In ( x) In ( x) (2.38c)
K n ( x) K n ( x) (2.38d)
70
2.3.6 Derivatives and Integrals of Bessel
Functions
Z n1 mx
n
d n mx Z J , Y , I (2.39)
x Z n mx
dx mx n Z n1 mx Z K (2.40)
71
n
mZ n1 mx Z n mx Z J , Y , I
d
Z n mx x (2.43)
dx mZ mx n Z mx Z K
n1 n
x (2.44)
n
mZ n1 mx Z n mx Z J , Y , K
d
Z n mx x (2.45)
dx mZ mx n Z mx Z I
n 1 n
x (2.46)
x
n n
Z n1 ( mx )dx (1 / m ) x Z n ( mx ) Z J ,Y , I
(2.47)
72
x n
Z n 1 mx dx 1 m x n
Z n mx
Z J , Y , K (2.48)
73
Fig. 2.15 Graphs of selected Bessel functions
74
2.4 Equidimensional (Euler) Equation
2
2d y dy
x 2
a1 x a0 y 0 (2.49)
dx dx
Solution:Depends on roots r1 and r2
y ( x ) C1 x C 2 x
r1 r2
(2.51)
75
(2) Roots are imaginary
(2.52)
(3) One root only
y( x ) x r (C1 C 2 log x ) (2.53)
77
Fig. 2.17 Fin efficiency of annular fins of constant thickness [5]
78